Abstract
Excessive nitrogen (N) application combined with water shortage has a negative effect on crop production, particularly wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production in the North China Plain. This study examined root growth and water–nitrogen use efficiency in wheat grown on loam soil in the North China Plain, from 2012-2014 using a fixed–position experiment initiated in 2010. The experiment followed a completely randomized split–plot design with four replications, taking irrigation (no irrigation (W0) versus irrigation at jointing plus flowering (W2)) as the main plot and N treatment (0, 180, 240 and 300 kg N ha−1) as the subplot. Compared with W0, W2 increased grain yield and root weight density (RWD) by up to 91.3 and 57.7 % in 2012–2013, and 15.5 and 43.0 % in 2013–2014, respectively, across all N application rates. Irrigation had no effect on grain water-use efficiency (WUEY), but caused a decrease in biomass WUE (WUEF, WUEM and WUEDM). Significant improvements in grain yield and biomass WUE during vegetative growth stage, and reductions in nitrogen-use efficiency (NUE) and RWD, were observed with increasing N application. Compared with non-N treatment, N treatment increased yield by up to 98.9 and 93.7 % in 2012–2013 and 2013–2014, respectively, decreasing RWD by 12.0 and 16.9 %. Correlation analysis further revealed that RWD was positively correlated with grain yield, evapotranspiration (ET) and NUE. NUE was also positively correlated with nitrogen uptake efficiency (UPE). Overall, the findings suggest that optimal N application improves NUE by increasing above-ground nitrogen uptake (AGN) as a result of optimized RWD and a synchronous increase in WUE, thus increasing yield. Under the experimental conditions, an N application rate of 240 kg N ha–1 plus irrigation at jointing and flowering is recommended.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record; open copy licensed cc-by. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 18
Claim · model-written summary
Irrigation increased grain yield by up to 91.3% in 2012–2013.
- Taxon
- Winter Wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- W2e0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 91.3e0
- Qualifier
- 2012–2013e0
- Comparator
- W0e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with W0, W2 increased grain yield and root weight density (RWD) by up to 91.3 and 57.7 % in 2012–2013”
t0“Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Irrigation increased root weight density by up to 57.7% in 2012–2013.
- Taxon
- Winter WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- W2e0
- Outcome
- root weight density (RWD)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 57.7 %e0
- Qualifier
- 2012–2013e0
- Comparator
- W0e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with W0, W2 increased grain yield and root weight density (RWD) by up to 91.3 and 57.7 % in 2012–2013”
t0“Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Irrigation increased grain yield by up to 15.5% in 2013–2014.
- Taxon
- Winter WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Direction
- increaseinferrede0
- Value
- 15.5e0
- Qualifier
- 2013–2014e0
Not reportedTreatmentComparatorOutcome
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“15.5 and 43.0 % in 2013–2014, respectively, across all N application rates”
t0“Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Irrigation increased root weight density by up to 43.0% in 2013–2014.
- Taxon
- Winter WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Direction
- increaseinferrede0
- Value
- 43.0 %e0
- Qualifier
- 2013–2014e0
Not reportedTreatmentComparatorOutcome
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“15.5 and 43.0 % in 2013–2014, respectively, across all N application rates”
t0“Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Irrigation did not affect grain water-use efficiency.
- Taxon
- Winter WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Irrigatione0
- Outcome
- grain water-use efficiency (WUEY)e0
- Direction
- no effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Irrigation had no effect on grain water-use efficiency (WUEY)”
t0“Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Irrigation decreased biomass water-use efficiency.
- Taxon
- Winter WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- biomass WUE (WUEF, WUEM and WUEDM)e0
- Direction
- decreasee0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“caused a decrease in biomass WUE (WUEF, WUEM and WUEDM)”
t0“Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing nitrogen application significantly improved grain yield.
- Taxon
- Winter WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- increasing N applicatione0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- improvementse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Significant improvements in grain yield and biomass WUE during vegetative growth stage, and reductions in nitrogen-use efficiency (NUE) and RWD, were observed with increasing N application”
t0“Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing nitrogen application significantly improved biomass water-use efficiency during vegetative growth.
- Taxon
- Winter WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- vegetative growth stagee0
- Treatment
- increasing N applicatione0
- Outcome
- biomass WUEe0
- Direction
- improvementse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Significant improvements in grain yield and biomass WUE during vegetative growth stage, and reductions in nitrogen-use efficiency (NUE) and RWD, were observed with increasing N application”
t0“Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing nitrogen application reduced nitrogen-use efficiency.
- Taxon
- Winter WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- increasing N applicatione0
- Outcome
- nitrogen-use efficiency (NUE)e0
- Direction
- reductionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“reductions in nitrogen-use efficiency (NUE) and RWD, were observed with increasing N application”
t0“Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing nitrogen application reduced root weight density.
- Taxon
- Winter WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- increasing N applicatione0
- Outcome
- RWDe0
- Direction
- reductionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“reductions in nitrogen-use efficiency (NUE) and RWD, were observed with increasing N application”
t0“Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen increased yield by up to 98.9% in 2012–2013 versus no nitrogen.
- Taxon
- Winter WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- N treatmente0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 98.9e0
- Qualifier
- 2012–2013e0
- Comparator
- non-N treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with non-N treatment, N treatment increased yield by up to 98.9 and 93.7 % in 2012–2013 and 2013–2014, respectively”
t0“Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen increased yield by up to 93.7% in 2013–2014 versus no nitrogen.
- Taxon
- Winter WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- N treatmente0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 93.7 %e0
- Qualifier
- 2013–2014e0
- Comparator
- non-N treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with non-N treatment, N treatment increased yield by up to 98.9 and 93.7 % in 2012–2013 and 2013–2014, respectively”
t0“Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen decreased root weight density by 12.0% in 2012–2013.
- Taxon
- Winter WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- RWDe0
- Direction
- decreasinge0
- Value
- 12.0e0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“decreasing RWD by 12.0 and 16.9 %”
t0“Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen decreased root weight density by 16.9% in 2013–2014.
- Taxon
- Winter WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- RWDe0
- Direction
- decreasinge0
- Value
- 16.9 %e0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“decreasing RWD by 12.0 and 16.9 %”
t0“Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Root weight density was positively correlated with grain yield, evapotranspiration and nitrogen-use efficiency.
- Taxon
- Winter WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- RWDe0
- Outcome
- grain yield, evapotranspiration (ET) and NUEe0
- Direction
- positively correlatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“RWD was positively correlated with grain yield, evapotranspiration (ET) and NUE”
t0“Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen-use efficiency was positively correlated with nitrogen uptake efficiency.
- Taxon
- Winter WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- NUEe0
- Direction
- positively correlatede0
- Qualifier
- nitrogen uptake efficiency (UPE)e0
Not reportedTreatment
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“NUE was also positively correlated with nitrogen uptake efficiency (UPE)”
t0“Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors infer that optimal nitrogen improves nitrogen-use efficiency through increased above-ground nitrogen uptake and optimized root weight density.
- Taxon
- Winter WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- optimal N applicatione0
- Outcome
- NUEe0
- Direction
- improvese0
- Qualifier
- increasing above-ground nitrogen uptake (AGN) as a result of optimized RWD and a synchronous increase in WUEe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“optimal N application improves NUE by increasing above-ground nitrogen uptake (AGN) as a result of optimized RWD and a synchronous increase in WUE”
t0“Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend 240 kg N ha–1 with irrigation at jointing and flowering.
- Taxon
- Winter WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- an N application rate of 240 kg N ha–1 plus irrigation at jointing and floweringe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“an N application rate of 240 kg N ha–1 plus irrigation at jointing and flowering is recommended”
t0“Winter Wheat”
The same questions in other papers
irrigation · physiology: water · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
49 papers in the same direction as this paper · 253 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- negative
299 papers more in this group
See all 303 papers →nitrogen · yield · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
1,736 papers in the same direction as this paper · 285 in the opposite direction · 39 reporting no difference from an alternative
- no effect
- no effect
- negative
2,057 papers more in this group
See all 2,061 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.