Abstract
The objective of this research was to determine suppression rate of anthracnose (Colletotrichum coccodes) in persimmon by using plant extracts from different extraction methods (water, boiling water, fermentation, and ethanol) from various plant parts (leaves, stems, fruits, and roots) in 47 species from 27 families. Suppression rate of C. coccodes was also studied by using mixers of various plant extracts and organic emulsifiers. Finally, the controlling effect on C. coccodes and leaf injury in persimmon trees was determined by using selected plant extracts and organic emulsifiers. Fermentation extracts of Torilis japonica roots and Portulaca oleracea above ground parts, ethanol extracts of Rheum palmatum roots, and Cinnamomum cassia barks among 47 plant species from 27 families were more effective on suppression rate of anthracnose, which was >83% suppressed by 10% of the plant extracts in the laboratory test. Anthracnose was 100% suppressed by 3% brown rice vinegar, 3% powder soap, 5% loess sulfur, and 5% natural emulsifier-B in a laboratory test. Synergistic effects on suppression rate of anthracnose by combination applications of plant extracts and organic emulsifiers did not appear. In the treatment of plant extracts alone, anthracnose was 63% and 51% reduced by 5% fermentation extract of Torilis japonica and 5% ethanol extract of Rheum palmatum compared with non-treated control, respectively in an organically produced persimmon plants. However, in combination treatments of plant extracts and organic emulsifiers, anthracnose was 79.2%, 67.3%, 62.7% and 55.7% reduced by 5% fermentation extract of Torilis japonica + natural emulsifier-B (1%), 5% fermentation extract of Torilis japonica + loess sulfur (1%), 5% ethanol extract of Rheum palmatum + natural emulsifier-B (1%), and 5% ethanol extract of Rheum palmatum + loess sulfur (1%) compared to non-treated control, respectively, in an organically produced persimmon plants. Persimmon leaf injuries did not show by treatments of 10% fermentation extract of Torilis japonica, 10% ethanol extract of Rheum palmatum, 5% natural emulsifier-B and 5% loess sulfur. Thus, the plant extracts and organic emulsifiers may be used for controlling anthracnose in organically produced crop fields.
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Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
Fermented Torilis japonica root extract suppressed anthracnose by over 83% in a laboratory test.
- Treatment
- 10% of the plant extractse0
- Interactor
- anthracnosee0pathogen
- Outcome
- anthracnosee0
- Direction
- suppressede0
- Value
- >83%e0
- Setting
- laboratory teste0
DiospyrosNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“persimmon”
e0“Fermentation extracts of Torilis japonica roots and Portulaca oleracea above ground parts, ethanol extracts of Rheum palmatum roots, and Cinnamomum cassia barks among 47 plant species from 27 families were more effective on suppression rate of anthracnose, which was >83% suppressed by 10% of the plant extracts in the laboratory test”
Claim · model-written summary
Fermented Portulaca oleracea extract suppressed anthracnose by over 83% in a laboratory test.
- Treatment
- 10% of the plant extractse0
- Interactor
- anthracnosee0pathogen
- Outcome
- anthracnosee0
- Direction
- suppressede0
- Value
- >83%e0
- Setting
- laboratory teste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“persimmon”
e0“Fermentation extracts of Torilis japonica roots and Portulaca oleracea above ground parts, ethanol extracts of Rheum palmatum roots, and Cinnamomum cassia barks among 47 plant species from 27 families were more effective on suppression rate of anthracnose, which was >83% suppressed by 10% of the plant extracts in the laboratory test”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethanol extract of Rheum palmatum roots suppressed anthracnose by over 83% in a laboratory test.
- Treatment
- 10% of the plant extractse0
- Interactor
- anthracnosee0pathogen
- Outcome
- anthracnosee0
- Direction
- suppressede0
- Value
- >83%e0
- Setting
- laboratory teste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“persimmon”
e0“Fermentation extracts of Torilis japonica roots and Portulaca oleracea above ground parts, ethanol extracts of Rheum palmatum roots, and Cinnamomum cassia barks among 47 plant species from 27 families were more effective on suppression rate of anthracnose, which was >83% suppressed by 10% of the plant extracts in the laboratory test”
Claim · model-written summary
Cinnamomum cassia bark extract suppressed anthracnose by over 83% in a laboratory test.
- Treatment
- 10% of the plant extractse0
- Interactor
- anthracnosee0pathogen
- Outcome
- anthracnosee0
- Direction
- suppressede0
- Value
- >83%e0
- Setting
- laboratory teste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“persimmon”
e0“Fermentation extracts of Torilis japonica roots and Portulaca oleracea above ground parts, ethanol extracts of Rheum palmatum roots, and Cinnamomum cassia barks among 47 plant species from 27 families were more effective on suppression rate of anthracnose, which was >83% suppressed by 10% of the plant extracts in the laboratory test”
Claim · model-written summary
Brown rice vinegar fully suppressed anthracnose in the laboratory.
- Treatment
- 3% brown rice vinegare0
- Interactor
- anthracnosee0pathogen
- Outcome
- anthracnosee0
- Direction
- suppressede0
- Value
- 100%e0
- Setting
- laboratory teste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“persimmon”
e0“Anthracnose was 100% suppressed by 3% brown rice vinegar, 3% powder soap, 5% loess sulfur, and 5% natural emulsifier-B in a laboratory test”
Claim · model-written summary
Powder soap fully suppressed anthracnose in the laboratory.
- Treatment
- 3% powder soape0
- Interactor
- anthracnosee0pathogen
- Outcome
- anthracnosee0
- Direction
- suppressede0
- Value
- 100%e0
- Setting
- laboratory teste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“persimmon”
e0“Anthracnose was 100% suppressed by 3% brown rice vinegar, 3% powder soap, 5% loess sulfur, and 5% natural emulsifier-B in a laboratory test”
Claim · model-written summary
Loess sulfur fully suppressed anthracnose in the laboratory.
- Treatment
- 5% loess sulfure0
- Interactor
- anthracnosee0pathogen
- Outcome
- anthracnosee0
- Direction
- suppressede0
- Value
- 100%e0
- Setting
- laboratory teste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“persimmon”
e0“Anthracnose was 100% suppressed by 3% brown rice vinegar, 3% powder soap, 5% loess sulfur, and 5% natural emulsifier-B in a laboratory test”
Claim · model-written summary
Natural emulsifier-B fully suppressed anthracnose in the laboratory.
- Treatment
- 5% natural emulsifier-Be0
- Interactor
- anthracnosee0pathogen
- Outcome
- anthracnosee0
- Direction
- suppressede0
- Value
- 100%e0
- Setting
- laboratory teste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“persimmon”
e0“Anthracnose was 100% suppressed by 3% brown rice vinegar, 3% powder soap, 5% loess sulfur, and 5% natural emulsifier-B in a laboratory test”
Claim · model-written summary
Combining plant extracts with organic emulsifiers did not produce synergistic anthracnose suppression.
- Treatment
- combination applications of plant extracts and organic emulsifierse0
- Interactor
- anthracnosee0pathogen
- Outcome
- Synergistic effects on suppression rate of anthracnosee0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“persimmon”
e0“Synergistic effects on suppression rate of anthracnose by combination applications of plant extracts and organic emulsifiers did not appear”
Claim · model-written summary
Fermented Torilis japonica extract reduced anthracnose by 63% in persimmon plants.
- Treatment
- 5% fermentation extract of Torilis japonicae0
- Interactor
- anthracnosee0pathogen
- Outcome
- anthracnosee0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 63%e0
- Comparator
- non-treated controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“persimmon”
e0“anthracnose was 63% and 51% reduced by 5% fermentation extract of Torilis japonica and 5% ethanol extract of Rheum palmatum compared with non-treated control, respectively in an organically produced persimmon plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethanol Rheum palmatum extract reduced anthracnose by 51%.
- Treatment
- 5% ethanol extract of Rheum palmatume0
- Interactor
- anthracnosee0pathogen
- Outcome
- anthracnosee0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 51%e0
- Comparator
- non-treated controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“persimmon”
e0“anthracnose was 63% and 51% reduced by 5% fermentation extract of Torilis japonica and 5% ethanol extract of Rheum palmatum compared with non-treated control, respectively in an organically produced persimmon plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Torilis extract with natural emulsifier-B reduced anthracnose by 79.2%.
- Treatment
- 5% fermentation extract of Torilis japonica + natural emulsifier-B (1%)e0
- Interactor
- anthracnosee0pathogen
- Outcome
- anthracnosee0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 79.2%e0
- Comparator
- non-treated controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“persimmon”
e0“anthracnose was 79.2%, 67.3%, 62.7% and 55.7% reduced by 5% fermentation extract of Torilis japonica + natural emulsifier-B (1%), 5% fermentation extract of Torilis japonica + loess sulfur (1%), 5% ethanol extract of Rheum palmatum + natural emulsifier-B (1%), and 5% ethanol extract of Rheum palmatum + loess sulfur (1%) compared to non-treated control”
Claim · model-written summary
Torilis extract with loess sulfur reduced anthracnose by 67.3%.
- Treatment
- 5% fermentation extract of Torilis japonica + loess sulfur (1%)e0
- Interactor
- anthracnosee0pathogen
- Outcome
- anthracnosee0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 67.3%e0
- Comparator
- non-treated controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“persimmon”
e0“anthracnose was 79.2%, 67.3%, 62.7% and 55.7% reduced by 5% fermentation extract of Torilis japonica + natural emulsifier-B (1%), 5% fermentation extract of Torilis japonica + loess sulfur (1%), 5% ethanol extract of Rheum palmatum + natural emulsifier-B (1%), and 5% ethanol extract of Rheum palmatum + loess sulfur (1%) compared to non-treated control”
Claim · model-written summary
Rheum extract with natural emulsifier-B reduced anthracnose by 62.7%.
- Treatment
- 5% ethanol extract of Rheum palmatum + natural emulsifier-B (1%)e0
- Interactor
- anthracnosee0pathogen
- Outcome
- anthracnosee0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 62.7%e0
- Comparator
- non-treated controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“persimmon”
e0“anthracnose was 79.2%, 67.3%, 62.7% and 55.7% reduced by 5% fermentation extract of Torilis japonica + natural emulsifier-B (1%), 5% fermentation extract of Torilis japonica + loess sulfur (1%), 5% ethanol extract of Rheum palmatum + natural emulsifier-B (1%), and 5% ethanol extract of Rheum palmatum + loess sulfur (1%) compared to non-treated control”
Claim · model-written summary
Rheum extract with loess sulfur reduced anthracnose by 55.7%.
- Treatment
- 5% ethanol extract of Rheum palmatum + loess sulfur (1%)e0
- Interactor
- anthracnosee0pathogen
- Outcome
- anthracnosee0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 55.7%e0
- Comparator
- non-treated controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“persimmon”
e0“anthracnose was 79.2%, 67.3%, 62.7% and 55.7% reduced by 5% fermentation extract of Torilis japonica + natural emulsifier-B (1%), 5% fermentation extract of Torilis japonica + loess sulfur (1%), 5% ethanol extract of Rheum palmatum + natural emulsifier-B (1%), and 5% ethanol extract of Rheum palmatum + loess sulfur (1%) compared to non-treated control”
Claim · model-written summary
Selected extract and emulsifier treatments showed no persimmon leaf injury.
- Treatment
- 10% fermentation extract of Torilis japonica, 10% ethanol extract of Rheum palmatum, 5% natural emulsifier-B and 5% loess sulfure0
- Outcome
- leaf injuries did not showe0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Persimmon leaf injuries did not show by treatments of 10% fermentation extract of Torilis japonica, 10% ethanol extract of Rheum palmatum, 5% natural emulsifier-B and 5% loess sulfur”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest the extracts and emulsifiers for anthracnose control in organic crops.
- Outcome
- controlling anthracnose in organically produced crop fieldse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“persimmon”
e0“plant extracts and organic emulsifiers may be used for controlling anthracnose in organically produced crop fields”
The same questions in other papers
botanical · disease · DiospyrosResults agree
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