Abstract
Applying alternative fertilization practices instead of conventional fertilizers might improve rice yield and nutrient use efficiency in rice cropping systems. However, the results range widely among individual studies, making generalizations difficult. Here, we investigated five alternative fertilization options (slow-release nitrogen fertilizer, SRF; organic fertilizer, OF; straw return, SR; green manure, GM; secondary/micronutrient fertilizer, SMF) and performed a meta-analysis to quantify their effects on rice yield and nitrogen (N) use efficiency across different rice types in China. Yield responses were significantly positive under all alternative fertilization options relative to those obtained with conventional fertilization, and the magnitude of yield increase exhibited the following the order: OF (7.8%) > SRF (7.4%) > GM (6.7%) > SR (5.4%) > SMF (4.6%). Furthermore, the recovery efficiency (REN), agronomic efficiency (AEN), and the partial factor productivity of nitrogen (PFPN) were increased by 6.0–34.8%, 10.2–29.5%, and 4.7–6.9%, respectively under the alternative fertilization options relative to conventional fertilization. The application of SRF and SMF generated higher yield responses in single rice than in other rice types, whereas OF and SR application resulted in better performance in early and middle rice. The rice yield response was maximized when approximately 70% slow-release N was combined with approximately 30% conventional N according to the quadratic relationship between the percentage of slow-release N substituting conventional N and the yield response. It was estimated that the total N rate could be reduced by up to 32% without yield loss with the application of slow-release N fertilizer instead of conventional N fertilizer. When organic N fully or partially substituted inorganic N, yield response declined with increasing substitution level, and the substitution proportion needed to be controlled below 20% to maintain rice yield. The meta-analysis results clearly demonstrate that appropriate alternative fertilization options can increase both rice yield and nitrogen use efficiency, and that conventional chemical fertilizers can be partially replaced with alternative ones without negatively affecting rice productivity.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
OF increased rice yield by 7.8% compared with conventional fertilization.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativat0 - Treatment
- OFe0
- Outcome
- Yield responsese0
- Direction
- increaseinferrede0
- Value
- 7.8%e0
- Comparator
- conventional fertilizatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Yield responses were significantly positive under all alternative fertilization options relative to those obtained with conventional fertilization, and the magnitude of yield increase exhibited the following the order: OF (7.8%) > SRF (7.4%) > GM (6.7%) > SR (5.4%) > SMF (4.6%).”
t0“rice in China”
Claim · model-written summary
SRF increased rice yield by 7.4% compared with conventional fertilization.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- SRFe0
- Outcome
- Yield responsese0
- Direction
- increaseinferrede0
- Value
- 7.4%e0
- Comparator
- conventional fertilizatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Yield responses were significantly positive under all alternative fertilization options relative to those obtained with conventional fertilization, and the magnitude of yield increase exhibited the following the order: OF (7.8%) > SRF (7.4%) > GM (6.7%) > SR (5.4%) > SMF (4.6%).”
t0“rice in China”
Claim · model-written summary
GM increased rice yield by 6.7% compared with conventional fertilization.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- GMe0
- Outcome
- Yield responsese0
- Direction
- increaseinferrede0
- Value
- 6.7%e0
- Comparator
- conventional fertilizatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Yield responses were significantly positive under all alternative fertilization options relative to those obtained with conventional fertilization, and the magnitude of yield increase exhibited the following the order: OF (7.8%) > SRF (7.4%) > GM (6.7%) > SR (5.4%) > SMF (4.6%).”
t0“rice in China”
Claim · model-written summary
SR increased rice yield by 5.4% compared with conventional fertilization.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- SRe0
- Outcome
- Yield responsese0
- Direction
- increaseinferrede0
- Value
- 5.4%e0
- Comparator
- conventional fertilizatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Yield responses were significantly positive under all alternative fertilization options relative to those obtained with conventional fertilization, and the magnitude of yield increase exhibited the following the order: OF (7.8%) > SRF (7.4%) > GM (6.7%) > SR (5.4%) > SMF (4.6%).”
t0“rice in China”
Claim · model-written summary
SMF increased rice yield by 4.6% compared with conventional fertilization.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- SMFe0
- Outcome
- Yield responsese0
- Direction
- increaseinferrede0
- Value
- 4.6%e0
- Comparator
- conventional fertilizatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Yield responses were significantly positive under all alternative fertilization options relative to those obtained with conventional fertilization, and the magnitude of yield increase exhibited the following the order: OF (7.8%) > SRF (7.4%) > GM (6.7%) > SR (5.4%) > SMF (4.6%).”
t0“rice in China”
Claim · model-written summary
Alternative fertilization increased rice recovery efficiency (REN) by 6.0–34.8% relative to conventional fertilization.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- alternative fertilization optionse0
- Outcome
- recovery efficiency (REN)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 6.0–34.8%e0
- Comparator
- conventional fertilizatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Furthermore, the recovery efficiency (REN), agronomic efficiency (AEN), and the partial factor productivity of nitrogen (PFPN) were increased by 6.0–34.8%, 10.2–29.5%, and 4.7–6.9%, respectively under the alternative fertilization options relative to conventional fertilization.”
t0“rice in China”
Claim · model-written summary
Alternative fertilization increased rice agronomic efficiency (AEN) by 10.2–29.5% relative to conventional fertilization.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- alternative fertilization optionse0
- Outcome
- agronomic efficiency (AEN)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 10.2–29.5%e0
- Comparator
- conventional fertilizatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Furthermore, the recovery efficiency (REN), agronomic efficiency (AEN), and the partial factor productivity of nitrogen (PFPN) were increased by 6.0–34.8%, 10.2–29.5%, and 4.7–6.9%, respectively under the alternative fertilization options relative to conventional fertilization.”
t0“rice in China”
Claim · model-written summary
Alternative fertilization increased rice partial factor productivity of nitrogen (PFPN) by 4.7–6.9% relative to conventional fertilization.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- alternative fertilization optionse0
- Outcome
- partial factor productivity of nitrogen (PFPN)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 4.7–6.9%e0
- Comparator
- conventional fertilizatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Furthermore, the recovery efficiency (REN), agronomic efficiency (AEN), and the partial factor productivity of nitrogen (PFPN) were increased by 6.0–34.8%, 10.2–29.5%, and 4.7–6.9%, respectively under the alternative fertilization options relative to conventional fertilization.”
t0“rice in China”
Claim · model-written summary
SRF gave higher yield responses in single rice than in other rice types.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Material
- single ricee0
- Treatment
- SRFe0
- Outcome
- yield responsese0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- other rice typese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The application of SRF and SMF generated higher yield responses in single rice than in other rice types, whereas OF and SR application resulted in better performance in early and middle rice.”
Claim · model-written summary
SMF gave higher yield responses in single rice than in other rice types.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Material
- single ricee0
- Treatment
- SMFe0
- Outcome
- yield responsese0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- other rice typese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The application of SRF and SMF generated higher yield responses in single rice than in other rice types, whereas OF and SR application resulted in better performance in early and middle rice.”
Claim · model-written summary
OF gave better yield responses in early and middle rice than in other rice types.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Material
- early and middle ricee0
- Treatment
- OFe0
- Outcome
- performancee0
- Direction
- bettere0
- Comparator
- other rice typese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The application of SRF and SMF generated higher yield responses in single rice than in other rice types, whereas OF and SR application resulted in better performance in early and middle rice.”
Claim · model-written summary
SR gave better yield responses in early and middle rice than in other rice types.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Material
- early and middle ricee0
- Treatment
- SRe0
- Outcome
- performancee0
- Direction
- bettere0
- Comparator
- other rice typese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The application of SRF and SMF generated higher yield responses in single rice than in other rice types, whereas OF and SR application resulted in better performance in early and middle rice.”
Claim · model-written summary
Rice yield response was greatest with approximately 70% slow-release N and 30% conventional N.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- approximately 70% slow-release N was combined with approximately 30% conventional Ne0
- Outcome
- rice yield responsee0
- Direction
- maximizede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The rice yield response was maximized when approximately 70% slow-release N was combined with approximately 30% conventional N according to the quadratic relationship between the percentage of slow-release N substituting conventional N and the yield response.”
Claim · model-written summary
Slow-release N fertilizer was estimated to permit up to 32% less total N without yield loss.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- slow-release N fertilizere0
- Outcome
- total N ratee0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- up to 32%e0
- Qualifier
- without yield losse0
- Comparator
- conventional N fertilizere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“It was estimated that the total N rate could be reduced by up to 32% without yield loss with the application of slow-release N fertilizer instead of conventional N fertilizer.”
t0“rice in China”
Claim · model-written summary
Rice yield response declined as substitution of inorganic N by organic N increased.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- organic Ne0
- Outcome
- yield responsee0
- Direction
- declinede0
- Comparator
- inorganic Ne0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“When organic N fully or partially substituted inorganic N, yield response declined with increasing substitution level, and the substitution proportion needed to be controlled below 20% to maintain rice yield.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend keeping organic N substitution below 20% to maintain rice yield.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Outcome
- substitution proportion needed to be controlled below 20% to maintain rice yielde0
- Value
- 20%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“When organic N fully or partially substituted inorganic N, yield response declined with increasing substitution level, and the substitution proportion needed to be controlled below 20% to maintain rice yield.”
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