Abstract
Rhus verniciflua is commonly known as a lacquer tree in Korea. The bark of R. verniciflua has been used as an immunostimulator in traditional medicine, but also causes allergic dermatitis due to urushiol derivatives. For the development of active natural resources with less toxicity, the antibacterial activity of various parts of R. verniciflua such as bark, lignum, leaves and fruit, together with chemical composition, were investigated. Among the various parts of R. verniciflua, lignum showed the most potent antibacterial activity against fish pathogenic bacteria such as Edwardsiella tarda, Vibrio anguillarum and Streptococcus iniae. Measurement of total phenolic content and flavonoid content clearly showed a high content of phenolic and flavonoids in lignum among the various parts of R. verniciflua. Further analysis showed a close correlation between antibacterial activity and phenolic content. In addition, methyl gallate and fustin, the major constituents of bark and lignum, showed antibacterial activity, which suggested phenolic constituents as active constituents. The content of urushiols, however, was highest in bark, but there was a trace amount in lignum. LC-MS-MS and PCA analysis showed good discrimination with the difference of phenolic composition in various parts of R. verniciflua. Taken together, phenolic compounds are responsible for the antibacterial activity of R. verniciflua. The lignum of R. verniciflua contains high content of phenolic compounds with less urushiols, which suggests efficient antibacterial activity with less toxicity. Therefore, the lignum of R. verniciflua is suggested as a good source for antibacterial material to use against fish bacterial diseases.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Lignum had the strongest antibacterial activity against the named fish pathogenic bacteria.
- Taxon
- Rhus verniciflua
Toxicodendron vernicifluumt0 - Organ / stage
- lignume0
- Interactor
- Edwardsiella tardaEdwardsiella tardae0pathogen
- Second interactor
- Vibrio anguillarum
Vibrio anguillarume0pathogen - Outcome
- antibacterial activitye0
- Direction
- most potente0
- Qualifier
- Streptococcus iniaee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“lignum showed the most potent antibacterial activity against fish pathogenic bacteria such as Edwardsiella tarda, Vibrio anguillarum and Streptococcus iniae”
t0“Rhus verniciflua”
Claim · model-written summary
Lignum had high total phenolic and flavonoid content relative to other tree parts.
- Taxon
- R. vernicifluaToxicodendron vernicifluume0
- Organ / stage
- lignume0
- Outcome
- phenolic and flavonoidse0
- Direction
- highe0
- Comparator
- various parts of R. vernicifluae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“high content of phenolic and flavonoids in lignum among the various parts of R. verniciflua”
Claim · model-written summary
Antibacterial activity correlated closely with phenolic content.
- Taxon
- Rhus vernicifluaToxicodendron vernicifluumt0
- Compound
- phenolice0
- Outcome
- antibacterial activitye0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a close correlation between antibacterial activity and phenolic content”
t0“Rhus verniciflua”
Claim · model-written summary
Methyl gallate from bark and lignum showed antibacterial activity.
- Taxon
- Rhus vernicifluaToxicodendron vernicifluumt0
- Organ / stage
- bark and lignume0
- Compound
- methyl gallatee0
- Outcome
- antibacterial activitye0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“methyl gallate and fustin, the major constituents of bark and lignum, showed antibacterial activity”
t0“Rhus verniciflua”
Claim · model-written summary
Fustin from bark and lignum showed antibacterial activity.
- Taxon
- Rhus vernicifluaToxicodendron vernicifluumt0
- Organ / stage
- bark and lignume0
- Compound
- fustine0
- Outcome
- antibacterial activitye0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“methyl gallate and fustin, the major constituents of bark and lignum, showed antibacterial activity”
t0“Rhus verniciflua”
Claim · model-written summary
Urushiol content was highest in bark and only trace in lignum.
- Taxon
- Rhus vernicifluaToxicodendron vernicifluumt0
- Organ / stage
- barke0
- Outcome
- content of urushiolse0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Qualifier
- trace amounte0
- Comparator
- lignume0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The content of urushiols, however, was highest in bark, but there was a trace amount in lignum”
t0“Rhus verniciflua”
Claim · model-written summary
LC-MS-MS and PCA discriminated the different tree parts by phenolic composition.
- Taxon
- R. vernicifluaToxicodendron vernicifluume0
- Outcome
- good discriminatione0
- Comparator
- various parts of R. vernicifluae0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“LC-MS-MS and PCA analysis showed good discrimination with the difference of phenolic composition in various parts of R. verniciflua”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors attributed the antibacterial activity to phenolic compounds.
- Taxon
- R. vernicifluaToxicodendron vernicifluume0
- Compound
- phenolic compoundse0
- Outcome
- antibacterial activitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“phenolic compounds are responsible for the antibacterial activity of R. verniciflua”
Claim · model-written summary
Lignum was suggested as a source of antibacterial material against fish bacterial diseases.
- Taxon
- R. vernicifluaToxicodendron vernicifluume0
- Organ / stage
- lignume0
- Outcome
- good source for antibacterial materiale0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the lignum of R. verniciflua is suggested as a good source for antibacterial material to use against fish bacterial diseases”