Abstract
Abstract Elevated concentrations of atmospheric CO 2 can alter plant secondary metabolites, which play important roles in the interactions among plants, herbivorous insects and natural enemies. However, few studies have examined the cascading effects of host plant secondary metabolites on tri‐trophic interactions under elevated CO 2 (eCO 2 ). In this study, we determined the effects of eCO 2 on the growth and foliar phenolics of Medicago truncatula and the cascading effects on two color genotypes of Acyrthosiphon pisum (pink vs. green) and their parasitoid Aphidius avenae in the field open‐top chambers. Our results showed that eCO 2 increased photosynthetic rate, nodule number, yield and the total phenolic content of M. truncatula . eCO 2 had contrasting effects on two genotypes of A. pisum ; the green genotype demonstrated increased population abundance, fecundity, growth and feeding efficiency, while the pink genotype showed decreased fitness and these were closely associated with the foliar genstein content. Furthermore, eCO 2 decreased the parasitic rate of A. avenae independent of aphid genotypes. eCO 2 prolonged the emergence time and reduced the emergence rate and percentage of females when associated with the green genotype, but little difference, except for increased percentage of females, was observed in A. avenae under eCO 2 when associated with the pink genotype, indicating that parasitoids can perceive and discriminate the qualities of aphid hosts. We concluded that eCO 2 altered plant phenolics and thus the performance of aphids and parasitoids. Our results indicate that plant phenolics vary by different abiotic and biotic stimuli and could potentially deliver the cascading effects of eCO 2 to the higher trophic levels. Our results also suggest that the green genotype is expected to perform better in future eCO 2 because of decreased plant resistance after its infestation and decreased parasitic rate.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 increased Medicago photosynthetic rate.
- Taxon
- M. truncatula
Medicago truncatulae0 - Treatment
- eCO 2e0
- Outcome
- photosynthetic ratee0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“eCO 2 increased photosynthetic rate, nodule number, yield and the total phenolic content of M. truncatula”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 increased Medicago nodule number.
- Taxon
- M. truncatulaMedicago truncatulae0
- Treatment
- eCO 2e0
- Outcome
- nodule numbere0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“eCO 2 increased photosynthetic rate, nodule number, yield and the total phenolic content of M. truncatula”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 increased Medicago yield.
- Taxon
- M. truncatulaMedicago truncatulae0
- Treatment
- eCO 2e0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“eCO 2 increased photosynthetic rate, nodule number, yield and the total phenolic content of M. truncatula”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 increased Medicago total phenolic content.
- Taxon
- M. truncatulaMedicago truncatulae0
- Treatment
- eCO 2e0
- Outcome
- total phenolic contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“eCO 2 increased photosynthetic rate, nodule number, yield and the total phenolic content of M. truncatula”
Claim · model-written summary
Under elevated CO2 green aphids had increased abundance, fecundity and growth.
- Taxon
- Acyrthosiphon pisum
-PLoS.jpg?width=60)
Acyrthosiphon pisumt0 - Material
- green genotypee0
- Treatment
- elevated CO2t0
- Outcome
- population abundance, fecundity, growthe0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
-PLoS.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“the green genotype demonstrated increased population abundance, fecundity, growth and feeding efficiency”
t0“elevated CO2 on Acyrthosiphon pisum and its parasitoid Aphidius avenae”
Claim · model-written summary
Under elevated CO2 green aphids had greater feeding efficiency.
- Taxon
- Acyrthosiphon pisumAcyrthosiphon pisumt0
- Material
- green genotypee0
- Treatment
- elevated CO2t0
- Outcome
- feeding efficiencye0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the green genotype demonstrated increased population abundance, fecundity, growth and feeding efficiency”
t0“elevated CO2 on Acyrthosiphon pisum and its parasitoid Aphidius avenae”
Claim · model-written summary
Under elevated CO2 pink aphid fitness declined.
- Taxon
- Acyrthosiphon pisumAcyrthosiphon pisumt0
- Material
- pink genotypee0
- Treatment
- elevated CO2t0
- Compound
- foliar genstein contente0
- Outcome
- fitnesse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the pink genotype showed decreased fitness and these were closely associated with the foliar genstein content”
t0“elevated CO2 on Acyrthosiphon pisum and its parasitoid Aphidius avenae”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 decreased parasitoid parasitic rate regardless of aphid genotype.
- Taxon
- A. avenaeAphidius avenaee0
- Treatment
- eCO 2e0
- Outcome
- parasitic ratee0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Qualifier
- independent of aphid genotypese0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“eCO 2 decreased the parasitic rate of A. avenae independent of aphid genotypes”
Claim · model-written summary
With green aphids, elevated CO2 prolonged parasitoid emergence time.
- Taxon
- Aphidius avenaeAphidius avenaet0
- Treatment
- eCO 2e0
- Outcome
- emergence timee0
- Direction
- prolongede0
- Qualifier
- green genotypee0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“eCO 2 prolonged the emergence time and reduced the emergence rate and percentage of females when associated with the green genotype”
t0“Aphidius avenae”
Claim · model-written summary
With green aphids, elevated CO2 reduced parasitoid emergence rate.
- Taxon
- Aphidius avenaeAphidius avenaet0
- Treatment
- eCO 2e0
- Outcome
- emergence ratee0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- green genotypee0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“eCO 2 prolonged the emergence time and reduced the emergence rate and percentage of females when associated with the green genotype”
t0“Aphidius avenae”
Claim · model-written summary
With green aphids, elevated CO2 reduced the percentage of female parasitoids.
- Taxon
- Aphidius avenaeAphidius avenaet0
- Treatment
- eCO 2e0
- Outcome
- percentage of femalese0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- green genotypee0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“eCO 2 prolonged the emergence time and reduced the emergence rate and percentage of females when associated with the green genotype”
t0“Aphidius avenae”
Claim · model-written summary
With pink aphids, elevated CO2 increased the percentage of female parasitoids.
- Taxon
- A. avenaeAphidius avenaee0
- Treatment
- eCO 2e0
- Outcome
- percentage of femalese0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- pink genotypee0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“increased percentage of females, was observed in A. avenae under eCO 2 when associated with the pink genotype”
The same questions in other papers
co2 · symbiosis · Medicago truncatula (barrel medic)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- positive
co2 · physiology: photosynthesis · Medicago truncatula (barrel medic)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
co2 · yield · Medicago truncatula (barrel medic)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.