Abstract
Abstract BACKGROUND Bacteria with 1‐aminocyclopropane‐1‐carboxylate (ACC) deaminase activity could decrease the ethylene level, confer resistance of plant, and stimulate plant growth under biotic and abiotic stress conditions. RESULTS Plant growth‐promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) strains Enterobacter aerogenes (LJL‐5) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (LJL‐13) were obtained from the rhizosphere of alfalfa grown under saline‐alkali conditions. The ACC deaminase activity of E. aerogenes (LJL‐5) and Ps. aeruginosa (LJL‐13) was approximately 2−5 µmol mg −1 h −1 . indole acetic acid synthesis was increased with the increasing concentration of l ‐tryptophan. Siderophore production and phosphate solubilization in Ps. aeruginosa (LJL‐13) were higher than those in E. aerogenes (LJL‐5). Compared to the non‐inoculated seedlings (1.31 ng mL −1 h −1 ), inoculated alfalfa seedlings with E. aerogenes (LJL‐5) (0.90 ng mL −1 h −1 ) and Ps. aeruginosa (LJL‐13) (0.78 ng mL −1 h −1 ) emitted lower levels of ethylene. Under saline‐alkali conditions in the greenhouse, inoculation with E. aerogenes (LJL‐5) and Ps. aeruginosa (LJL‐13) increased the biomass, soil and plant analyzer development (SPAD), and P content of alfalfa plants, and also induced the activity of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, peroxidase and catalase), promoted the accumulation of antioxidant substances and removed various harmful substances. Under saline‐alkali conditions in the field (2012, 2013, and 2014), inoculation of alfalfa with E. aerogenes (LJL‐5) and Ps. aeruginosa (LJL‐13) significantly increased the shoot height, fresh and dry weights, yield and crude protein content of alfalfa plants, but decreased the fiber content. CONCLUSION Two PGPR strains were isolated from the rhizosphere of alfalfa in saline‐alkali conditions. Both strains could promote alfalfa growth in saline‐alkali soil, and could be used as biofertilizer to promote plant growth under stress and reduce environmental pollution caused by fertilizers simultaneously. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
The two rhizobacterial strains had ACC deaminase activity of about 2−5 µmol mg −1 h −1.
- Taxon
- alfalfa
Medicago sativat0 - Interactor
- E. aerogenes (LJL‐5)
Klebsiella aerogenese1symbiont - Second interactor
- Ps. aeruginosa (LJL‐13)e1symbiont
- Outcome
- ACC deaminase activitye1
- Value
- 2−5 µmol mg −1 h −1e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Enhancement of alfalfa yield and quality”
e1“The ACC deaminase activity of E. aerogenes (LJL‐5) and Ps. aeruginosa (LJL‐13) was approximately 2−5 µmol mg −1 h −1”
Claim · model-written summary
Indole acetic acid synthesis increased with increasing L-tryptophan concentration.
- Taxon
- alfalfaMedicago sativat0
- Treatment
- increasing concentration of l ‐tryptophane2
- Outcome
- indole acetic acid synthesise2
- Direction
- increasede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Enhancement of alfalfa yield and quality”
e2“indole acetic acid synthesis was increased with the increasing concentration of l ‐tryptophan”
Claim · model-written summary
Siderophore production and phosphate solubilization were higher in Ps. aeruginosa (LJL-13) than in E. aerogenes (LJL-5).
- Taxon
- alfalfaMedicago sativat0
- Interactor
- Ps. aeruginosa (LJL‐13)e3symbiont
- Second interactor
- E. aerogenes (LJL‐5)Klebsiella aerogenese3symbiont
- Outcome
- Siderophore production and phosphate solubilizatione3
- Direction
- highere3
- Comparator
- E. aerogenes (LJL‐5)e3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Enhancement of alfalfa yield and quality”
e3“Siderophore production and phosphate solubilization in Ps. aeruginosa (LJL‐13) were higher than those in E. aerogenes (LJL‐5)”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculation with E. aerogenes (LJL-5) lowered seedling ethylene emission to 0.90 ng mL-1 h-1, against 1.31 in non-inoculated seedlings.
- Taxon
- alfalfaMedicago sativat0
- Treatment
- inoculated alfalfa seedlingse4
- Interactor
- E. aerogenes (LJL‐5)Klebsiella aerogenese4symbiont
- Outcome
- levels of ethylenee4
- Direction
- lowere4
- Value
- 0.90 ng mL −1 h −1e4
- Comparator
- non‐inoculated seedlingse4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Enhancement of alfalfa yield and quality”
e4“Compared to the non‐inoculated seedlings (1.31 ng mL −1 h −1), inoculated alfalfa seedlings with E. aerogenes (LJL‐5) (0.90 ng mL −1 h −1) and Ps. aeruginosa (LJL‐13) (0.78 ng mL −1 h −1) emitted lower levels of ethylene”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculation with Ps. aeruginosa (LJL-13) lowered seedling ethylene emission to 0.78 ng mL-1 h-1, against 1.31 in non-inoculated seedlings.
- Taxon
- alfalfaMedicago sativat0
- Treatment
- inoculated alfalfa seedlingse4
- Interactor
- Ps. aeruginosa (LJL‐13)e4symbiont
- Outcome
- levels of ethylenee4
- Direction
- lowere4
- Value
- 0.78 ng mL −1 h −1e4
- Comparator
- non‐inoculated seedlingse4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Enhancement of alfalfa yield and quality”
e4“Compared to the non‐inoculated seedlings (1.31 ng mL −1 h −1), inoculated alfalfa seedlings with E. aerogenes (LJL‐5) (0.90 ng mL −1 h −1) and Ps. aeruginosa (LJL‐13) (0.78 ng mL −1 h −1) emitted lower levels of ethylene”
Claim · model-written summary
Under greenhouse saline-alkali conditions, inoculation increased alfalfa biomass, SPAD and P content.
- Taxon
- alfalfaMedicago sativat0
- Treatment
- inoculation with E. aerogenes (LJL‐5) and Ps. aeruginosa (LJL‐13)e5
- Interactor
- E. aerogenes (LJL‐5)Klebsiella aerogenese5symbiont
- Second interactor
- Ps. aeruginosa (LJL‐13)e5symbiont
- Outcome
- biomass, soil and plant analyzer development (SPAD), and P contente5
- Direction
- increasede5
- Setting
- saline‐alkali conditions in the greenhousee5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Enhancement of alfalfa yield and quality”
e5“Under saline‐alkali conditions in the greenhouse, inoculation with E. aerogenes (LJL‐5) and Ps. aeruginosa (LJL‐13) increased the biomass, soil and plant analyzer development (SPAD), and P content of alfalfa plants, and also induced the activity of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, peroxidase and catalase), promoted the accumulation of antioxidant substances and removed various harmful substances”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculation induced the activity of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, peroxidase and catalase) in greenhouse-grown alfalfa under saline-alkali conditions.
- Taxon
- alfalfaMedicago sativat0
- Treatment
- inoculation with E. aerogenes (LJL‐5) and Ps. aeruginosa (LJL‐13)e5
- Interactor
- E. aerogenes (LJL‐5)Klebsiella aerogenese5symbiont
- Second interactor
- Ps. aeruginosa (LJL‐13)e5symbiont
- Outcome
- activity of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, peroxidase and catalase)e5
- Direction
- inducede5
- Setting
- saline‐alkali conditions in the greenhousee5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Enhancement of alfalfa yield and quality”
e5“Under saline‐alkali conditions in the greenhouse, inoculation with E. aerogenes (LJL‐5) and Ps. aeruginosa (LJL‐13) increased the biomass, soil and plant analyzer development (SPAD), and P content of alfalfa plants, and also induced the activity of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, peroxidase and catalase), promoted the accumulation of antioxidant substances and removed various harmful substances”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculation promoted the accumulation of antioxidant substances in greenhouse-grown alfalfa under saline-alkali conditions.
- Taxon
- alfalfaMedicago sativat0
- Treatment
- inoculation with E. aerogenes (LJL‐5) and Ps. aeruginosa (LJL‐13)e5
- Interactor
- E. aerogenes (LJL‐5)Klebsiella aerogenese5symbiont
- Second interactor
- Ps. aeruginosa (LJL‐13)e5symbiont
- Outcome
- accumulation of antioxidant substancese5
- Direction
- promotede5
- Setting
- saline‐alkali conditions in the greenhousee5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Enhancement of alfalfa yield and quality”
e5“Under saline‐alkali conditions in the greenhouse, inoculation with E. aerogenes (LJL‐5) and Ps. aeruginosa (LJL‐13) increased the biomass, soil and plant analyzer development (SPAD), and P content of alfalfa plants, and also induced the activity of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, peroxidase and catalase), promoted the accumulation of antioxidant substances and removed various harmful substances”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculation removed various harmful substances in greenhouse-grown alfalfa under saline-alkali conditions.
- Taxon
- alfalfaMedicago sativat0
- Treatment
- inoculation with E. aerogenes (LJL‐5) and Ps. aeruginosa (LJL‐13)e5
- Interactor
- E. aerogenes (LJL‐5)Klebsiella aerogenese5symbiont
- Second interactor
- Ps. aeruginosa (LJL‐13)e5symbiont
- Outcome
- various harmful substancese5
- Direction
- removede5
- Setting
- saline‐alkali conditions in the greenhousee5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Enhancement of alfalfa yield and quality”
e5“Under saline‐alkali conditions in the greenhouse, inoculation with E. aerogenes (LJL‐5) and Ps. aeruginosa (LJL‐13) increased the biomass, soil and plant analyzer development (SPAD), and P content of alfalfa plants, and also induced the activity of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, peroxidase and catalase), promoted the accumulation of antioxidant substances and removed various harmful substances”
Claim · model-written summary
Field inoculation increased alfalfa shoot height, fresh weight and dry weight under saline-alkali conditions in 2012–2014.
- Taxon
- alfalfaMedicago sativat0
- Treatment
- inoculation of alfalfa with E. aerogenes (LJL‐5) and Ps. aeruginosa (LJL‐13)e6
- Interactor
- E. aerogenes (LJL‐5)Klebsiella aerogenese6symbiont
- Second interactor
- Ps. aeruginosa (LJL‐13)e6symbiont
- Outcome
- shoot height, fresh and dry weightse6
- Direction
- increasede6
- Setting
- field (2012, 2013, and 2014)e6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Enhancement of alfalfa yield and quality”
e6“Under saline‐alkali conditions in the field (2012, 2013, and 2014), inoculation of alfalfa with E. aerogenes (LJL‐5) and Ps. aeruginosa (LJL‐13) significantly increased the shoot height, fresh and dry weights, yield and crude protein content of alfalfa plants, but decreased the fiber content”
Claim · model-written summary
Field inoculation increased alfalfa yield and crude protein content under saline-alkali conditions in 2012–2014.
- Taxon
- alfalfaMedicago sativat0
- Treatment
- inoculation of alfalfa with E. aerogenes (LJL‐5) and Ps. aeruginosa (LJL‐13)e6
- Interactor
- E. aerogenes (LJL‐5)Klebsiella aerogenese6symbiont
- Second interactor
- Ps. aeruginosa (LJL‐13)e6symbiont
- Outcome
- yield and crude protein contente6
- Direction
- increasede6
- Setting
- field (2012, 2013, and 2014)e6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Enhancement of alfalfa yield and quality”
e6“Under saline‐alkali conditions in the field (2012, 2013, and 2014), inoculation of alfalfa with E. aerogenes (LJL‐5) and Ps. aeruginosa (LJL‐13) significantly increased the shoot height, fresh and dry weights, yield and crude protein content of alfalfa plants, but decreased the fiber content”
Claim · model-written summary
Field inoculation decreased alfalfa fiber content under saline-alkali conditions in 2012–2014.
- Taxon
- alfalfaMedicago sativat0
- Treatment
- inoculation of alfalfa with E. aerogenes (LJL‐5) and Ps. aeruginosa (LJL‐13)e6
- Interactor
- E. aerogenes (LJL‐5)Klebsiella aerogenese6symbiont
- Second interactor
- Ps. aeruginosa (LJL‐13)e6symbiont
- Outcome
- fiber contente6
- Direction
- decreasede6
- Setting
- field (2012, 2013, and 2014)e6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Enhancement of alfalfa yield and quality”
e6“Under saline‐alkali conditions in the field (2012, 2013, and 2014), inoculation of alfalfa with E. aerogenes (LJL‐5) and Ps. aeruginosa (LJL‐13) significantly increased the shoot height, fresh and dry weights, yield and crude protein content of alfalfa plants, but decreased the fiber content”
Claim · model-written summary
Both strains could be used as biofertilizers to promote alfalfa growth under saline-alkali stress.
- Taxon
- alfalfaMedicago sativat0
- Outcome
- used as biofertilizere7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Enhancement of alfalfa yield and quality”
e7“Both strains could promote alfalfa growth in saline‐alkali soil, and could be used as biofertilizer to promote plant growth under stress”
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