Abstract
The presence of aflatoxins in maize grain has been an increasing problem in the Mediterranean area, possibly due to climate change such as increased temperatures and extended drought periods. It is therefore important to prevent the growth of aflatoxigenic Aspergillus species in the field. There are no fungicides registered for control A. flavus in maize, so this study investigated the efficacy of azoxystrobin, boscalid, cyprodinil, fludioxonil and cyprodinil + fludioxonil to reduce A. flavus growth, sporulation and aflatoxin production in in vitro, and in maize field studies. Based on in vitro inhibition of mycelial growth, the most effective fungicides were cyprodinil (EC50 < 0.05 μg mL-1) and fludioxonil (EC50 <0.11 μg mL-1), while the least effective was boscalid (EC50 4.35-4.50 μg mL-1). Azoxystrobin almost completely inhibited the conidium germination at > 0.5 μg mL-1. Further evaluation of the fungicides on maize seeds infected with A. flavus demonstrated that all the fungicides reduced conidium production by 76 to 94%, and reduced aflatoxin contamination. In a 2-year field study, application of cyprodinil + fludioxonil reduced A. flavus ear rot severity by 40%, and was the most effective formulation for reducing aflatoxin contamination, by 83%. The other four single ingredient fungicides also decreased aflatoxin production on maize kernels (fludioxonil by 80%, cyprodinil by 75%, boscalid by 74% and azoxystrobin by 67%). Field data from this study provide farmers with a new effective chemical approach to control A. flavus and aflatoxin production in maize within an integrated strategy for management of aflatoxins in maize.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Cyprodinil inhibited A. flavus mycelial growth in vitro at EC50 below 0.05 μg mL-1.
- Treatment
- cyprodinile0
- Interactor
- A. flavus
Aspergillus flavuse1pathogen - Outcome
- mycelial growthe2
- Value
- EC50 < 0.05 μg mL-1e0
Zea maysOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the most effective fungicides were cyprodinil (EC50 < 0.05 μg mL-1) and fludioxonil (EC50 <0.11 μg mL-1)”
t0“Effective chemical management for prevention of aflatoxins in maize”
e1“A. flavus growth, sporulation and aflatoxin production in in vitro, and in maize field studies”
e2“Based on in vitro inhibition of mycelial growth”
Claim · model-written summary
Fludioxonil inhibited A. flavus mycelial growth in vitro at EC50 below 0.11 μg mL-1.
- Treatment
- fludioxonile0
- Interactor
- A. flavusAspergillus flavuse1pathogen
- Outcome
- mycelial growthe2
- Value
- EC50 <0.11 μg mL-1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the most effective fungicides were cyprodinil (EC50 < 0.05 μg mL-1) and fludioxonil (EC50 <0.11 μg mL-1)”
t0“Effective chemical management for prevention of aflatoxins in maize”
e1“A. flavus growth, sporulation and aflatoxin production in in vitro, and in maize field studies”
e2“Based on in vitro inhibition of mycelial growth”
Claim · model-written summary
Boscalid was least effective against A. flavus mycelial growth.
- Treatment
- boscalide0
- Interactor
- A. flavusAspergillus flavuse1pathogen
- Outcome
- mycelial growthe2
- Value
- EC50 4.35-4.50 μg mL-1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the least effective was boscalid (EC50 4.35-4.50 μg mL-1)”
t0“Effective chemical management for prevention of aflatoxins in maize”
e1“A. flavus growth, sporulation and aflatoxin production in in vitro, and in maize field studies”
e2“Based on in vitro inhibition of mycelial growth”
Claim · model-written summary
Azoxystrobin nearly completely inhibited A. flavus conidium germination above 0.5 μg mL-1.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Azoxystrobin almost completely inhibited the conidium germination at > 0.5 μg mL-1.”
t0“Effective chemical management for prevention of aflatoxins in maize”
Claim · model-written summary
All tested fungicides reduced A. flavus conidium production on infected maize seeds by 76 to 94%.
- Treatment
- all the fungicidese0
- Interactor
- A. flavusAspergillus flavuse1pathogen
- Outcome
- conidium productione0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 76 to 94%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“all the fungicides reduced conidium production by 76 to 94%, and reduced aflatoxin contamination.”
t0“Effective chemical management for prevention of aflatoxins in maize”
e1“A. flavus growth, sporulation and aflatoxin production in in vitro, and in maize field studies”
Claim · model-written summary
All tested fungicides reduced aflatoxin contamination of infected maize seeds.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“all the fungicides reduced conidium production by 76 to 94%, and reduced aflatoxin contamination.”
t0“Effective chemical management for prevention of aflatoxins in maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Cyprodinil plus fludioxonil reduced maize ear rot severity by 40% in a two-year field study.
- Treatment
- cyprodinil + fludioxonile0
- Interactor
- A. flavusAspergillus flavuse0pathogen
- Outcome
- A. flavus ear rot severitye0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 40%e0
- Setting
- field studye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In a 2-year field study, application of cyprodinil + fludioxonil reduced A. flavus ear rot severity by 40%, and was the most effective formulation for reducing aflatoxin contamination, by 83%.”
t0“Effective chemical management for prevention of aflatoxins in maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Cyprodinil plus fludioxonil reduced maize aflatoxin contamination by 83%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“application of cyprodinil + fludioxonil reduced A. flavus ear rot severity by 40%, and was the most effective formulation for reducing aflatoxin contamination, by 83%.”
t0“Effective chemical management for prevention of aflatoxins in maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Fludioxonil reduced aflatoxin production on maize kernels by 80%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“fludioxonil by 80%, cyprodinil by 75%, boscalid by 74% and azoxystrobin by 67%”
e1“The other four single ingredient fungicides also decreased aflatoxin production on maize kernels”
t0“Effective chemical management for prevention of aflatoxins in maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Cyprodinil reduced aflatoxin production on maize kernels by 75%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“fludioxonil by 80%, cyprodinil by 75%, boscalid by 74% and azoxystrobin by 67%”
e1“The other four single ingredient fungicides also decreased aflatoxin production on maize kernels”
t0“Effective chemical management for prevention of aflatoxins in maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Boscalid reduced aflatoxin production on maize kernels by 74%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“fludioxonil by 80%, cyprodinil by 75%, boscalid by 74% and azoxystrobin by 67%”
e1“The other four single ingredient fungicides also decreased aflatoxin production on maize kernels”
t0“Effective chemical management for prevention of aflatoxins in maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Azoxystrobin reduced aflatoxin production on maize kernels by 67%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“fludioxonil by 80%, cyprodinil by 75%, boscalid by 74% and azoxystrobin by 67%”
e1“The other four single ingredient fungicides also decreased aflatoxin production on maize kernels”
t0“Effective chemical management for prevention of aflatoxins in maize”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors propose chemical control as part of integrated aflatoxin management in maize.
- Interactor
- A. flavusAspergillus flavuse0pathogen
- Outcome
- control A. flavus and aflatoxin productione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Field data from this study provide farmers with a new effective chemical approach to control A. flavus and aflatoxin production in maize within an integrated strategy for management of aflatoxins in maize.”
t0“Effective chemical management for prevention of aflatoxins in maize”
The same questions in other papers
fludioxonil · disease · Zea mays (maize)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
azoxystrobin · disease · Zea mays (maize)Results agree
6 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
3 papers more in this group
See all 7 papers →fungicide · disease · Zea mays (maize)Results differ
52 papers in the same direction as this paper · 9 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- positive
- negative
- no effect
59 papers more in this group
See all 63 papers →fungicide · Aspergillus flavus · Zea mays (maize)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.