Abstract
Consumption of basil ( Ocimum basilicum ) has been increasing worldwide in recent years because of its unique aromatic flavor and relatively high concentration of phenolics. To achieve a stable and reliable supply of basil, more growers are turning to indoor controlled-environment production with artificial lighting due to its high environmental controllability and sustainability. However, electricity cost for lighting is a major limiting factor to the commercial application of indoor vertical farming, and little information is available on the minimum light requirement to produce uniform and high-quality sweet basil. To determine the optimal daily light integral (DLI) for sweet basil production in indoor vertical farming, this study investigated the effects of five DLIs, namely, 9.3, 11.5, 12.9, 16.5, and 17.8 mol·m −2 ·d −1 on basil growth and quality. ‘Improved Genovese Compact’ sweet basil was treated with five DLIs provided by white fluorescent lamps (FLs) for 21 d after germination, and gas exchange rate, growth, yield, and nutritional quality of basil plants were measured to evaluate the effects of the different DLIs on basil growth and quality. Results indicated that basil plants grown under higher DLIs of 12.9, 16.5, or 17.8 mol·m −2 ·d −1 had higher net photosynthesis, transpiration, and stomatal conductance ( g S ), compared with those under lower DLIs of 9.3 and 11.5 mol·m −2 ·d −1 . High DLIs resulted in lower chlorophyll (Chl) a+b concentration per leaf fresh weight (FW), higher Chl a/b ratios, and larger and thicker leaves of basil plants. The shoot FW under DLIs of 12.9, 16.5, and 17.8 mol·m −2 ·d −1 was 54.2%, 78.6%, and 77.9%, respectively, higher than that at a DLI of 9.3 mol·m −2 ·d −1 . In addition, higher DLIs led to higher soluble sugar percent and dry matter percent than lower DLIs. The amounts of total anthocyanin, phenolics, and flavonoids per plant of sweet basil were also positively correlated to DLIs, and antioxidant capacity at a DLI of 17.8 mol·m −2 ·d −1 was 73% higher than that at a DLI of 9.3 mol·m −2 ·d −1 . Combining the results of growth, yield, and nutritional quality of sweet basil, we suggest a DLI of 12.9 mol·m −2 ·d −1 for sweet basil commercial production in indoor vertical farming to minimize the energy cost while maintaining a high yield and nutritional quality.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Basil under higher DLIs of 12.9, 16.5 or 17.8 had higher net photosynthesis, transpiration and stomatal conductance than under lower DLIs of 9.3 and 11.5.
- Taxon
- Ocimum basilicum
Ocimum basilicume0 - Treatment
- higher DLIs of 12.9, 16.5, or 17.8e1
- Outcome
- net photosynthesis, transpiration, and stomatal conductancee2
- Direction
- highere2
- Comparator
- lower DLIs of 9.3 and 11.5e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“basil ( Ocimum basilicum )”
e1“basil plants grown under higher DLIs of 12.9, 16.5, or 17.8”
e2“had higher net photosynthesis, transpiration, and stomatal conductance ( g S ), compared with those under lower DLIs of 9.3 and 11.5”
Claim · model-written summary
High DLIs resulted in lower chlorophyll a+b concentration per leaf fresh weight.
- Taxon
- Ocimum basilicumOcimum basilicume0
- Treatment
- High DLIse3
- Outcome
- chlorophyll (Chl) a+b concentration per leaf fresh weight (FW)e3
- Direction
- lowere3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“basil ( Ocimum basilicum )”
e3“High DLIs resulted in lower chlorophyll (Chl) a+b concentration per leaf fresh weight (FW), higher Chl a/b ratios, and larger and thicker leaves of basil plants”
Claim · model-written summary
High DLIs resulted in higher chlorophyll a/b ratios.
- Taxon
- Ocimum basilicumOcimum basilicume0
- Treatment
- High DLIse3
- Outcome
- Chl a/b ratiose3
- Direction
- highere3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“basil ( Ocimum basilicum )”
e3“High DLIs resulted in lower chlorophyll (Chl) a+b concentration per leaf fresh weight (FW), higher Chl a/b ratios, and larger and thicker leaves of basil plants”
Claim · model-written summary
High DLIs resulted in larger and thicker leaves.
- Taxon
- Ocimum basilicumOcimum basilicume0
- Organ / stage
- leavese3
- Treatment
- High DLIse3
- Outcome
- leavese3
- Direction
- larger and thickere3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“basil ( Ocimum basilicum )”
e3“High DLIs resulted in lower chlorophyll (Chl) a+b concentration per leaf fresh weight (FW), higher Chl a/b ratios, and larger and thicker leaves of basil plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Shoot fresh weight under DLI 12.9 was 54.2% higher than under DLI 9.3.
- Taxon
- Ocimum basilicumOcimum basilicume0
- Treatment
- DLIs of 12.9e1
- Outcome
- shoot FWe1
- Direction
- highere2
- Value
- 54.2%e2
- Comparator
- a DLI of 9.3e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“basil ( Ocimum basilicum )”
e1“The shoot FW under DLIs of 12.9, 16.5, and 17.8”
e2“was 54.2%, 78.6%, and 77.9%, respectively, higher than that at a DLI of 9.3”
Claim · model-written summary
Shoot fresh weight under DLI 16.5 was 78.6% higher than under DLI 9.3.
- Taxon
- Ocimum basilicumOcimum basilicume0
- Treatment
- DLIs of 12.9, 16.5, and 17.8e1
- Outcome
- shoot FWe1
- Direction
- highere2
- Value
- 78.6%e2
- Qualifier
- respectivelye2
- Comparator
- a DLI of 9.3e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“basil ( Ocimum basilicum )”
e1“The shoot FW under DLIs of 12.9, 16.5, and 17.8”
e2“was 54.2%, 78.6%, and 77.9%, respectively, higher than that at a DLI of 9.3”
Claim · model-written summary
Shoot fresh weight under DLI 17.8 was 77.9% higher than under DLI 9.3.
- Taxon
- Ocimum basilicumOcimum basilicume0
- Treatment
- DLIs of 12.9, 16.5, and 17.8e1
- Outcome
- shoot FWe1
- Direction
- highere2
- Value
- 77.9%e2
- Qualifier
- respectivelye2
- Comparator
- a DLI of 9.3e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“basil ( Ocimum basilicum )”
e1“The shoot FW under DLIs of 12.9, 16.5, and 17.8”
e2“was 54.2%, 78.6%, and 77.9%, respectively, higher than that at a DLI of 9.3”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher DLIs led to higher soluble sugar percent and dry matter percent than lower DLIs.
- Taxon
- Ocimum basilicumOcimum basilicume0
- Treatment
- higher DLIse5
- Outcome
- soluble sugar percent and dry matter percente5
- Direction
- highere5
- Comparator
- lower DLIse5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“basil ( Ocimum basilicum )”
e5“higher DLIs led to higher soluble sugar percent and dry matter percent than lower DLIs”
Claim · model-written summary
Total anthocyanin, phenolics and flavonoids per plant were positively correlated with DLIs.
- Taxon
- sweet basilOcimum basilicume6
- Treatment
- DLIse6
- Outcome
- amounts of total anthocyanin, phenolics, and flavonoids per plante6
- Direction
- positively correlatede6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“The amounts of total anthocyanin, phenolics, and flavonoids per plant of sweet basil were also positively correlated to DLIs”
Claim · model-written summary
Antioxidant capacity at DLI 17.8 was 73% higher than at DLI 9.3.
- Taxon
- Ocimum basilicumOcimum basilicume0
- Treatment
- a DLI of 17.8e1
- Outcome
- antioxidant capacitye1
- Direction
- highere2
- Value
- 73%e2
- Comparator
- a DLI of 9.3e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“basil ( Ocimum basilicum )”
e1“antioxidant capacity at a DLI of 17.8”
e2“was 73% higher than that at a DLI of 9.3”
Claim · model-written summary
A DLI of 12.9 is suggested for sweet basil commercial production in indoor vertical farming.
- Taxon
- sweet basilOcimum basilicume2
- Outcome
- a DLI of 12.9e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“we suggest a DLI of 12.9”
e2“for sweet basil commercial production in indoor vertical farming”
The same questions in other papers
light · quality: phytochemicals · Ocimum basilicum (basil)Positive and negative results
22 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- positive
- positive
- positive
22 papers more in this group
See all 26 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.