Abstract
Dormant bermudagrass ( Cynodon dactlyon (L.) Pers. × C. transvaalensis Burtt-Davy) is overseeded with perennial ryegrass ( Lolium perenne L.) to maintain green color through the fall and winter. Annual bluegrass ( Poa annua L.) control is critical for overseeding success, as this weed can greatly decrease aesthetic quality and playability of turfgrass due to excessive seedhead production. Research was conducted to evaluate the influence of pre-seeding cultural practices (scalping, solid-tine aerification, vertical mowing, and vertical mowing plus scalping) on overseeding establishment. The effect of increasing overseeding rates of perennial ryegrass (111, 222, 444, and 888 kg pure live seed·ha −1 ; 100, 200, 400, and 800 lb·A −1 ) and roughstalk bluegrass ( Poa trivialis L.) (55, 111, and 222 kg pure live seed·ha −1 ; 50, 100, and 200 lb·A −1 ) on annual bluegrass populations was also investigated. Additionally, plant growth regulators (PGRs) were evaluated for annual bluegrass seedhead suppression and turf injury. Mefluidide at 0.056 kg ae·ha −1 (0.05 lb ae·A −1 ), and paclobutrazol, flurprimidol, trinexapac-ethyl, and trinexapac-ethyl plus ethephon at 0.28, 0.42, 0.382, and 0.095 plus 3.82 kg ai·ha −1 (0.25, 0.37, 0.34, 0.085 plus 3.4 lb ai·A −1 ), respectively, were applied twice, sequentially with a four-week interval. Contrary to previous research, pre-seeding cultural practices did not improve overseeding success. Annual bluegrass density decreased with increasing perennial ryegrass overseeding rates from 50% in the non-overseeded to 14 to 17% when overseeded with rates up to 222 kg pure live seed·ha −1 , and 4 to 8% when overseeded with rates between 444 and 888 kg pure live seed·ha −1 . Roughstalk bluegrass overseeded reduced annual bluegrass density from 50% in the non-overseeded, to 7 to 13% when overseeded with 55, 111, or 222 kg pure live seed·ha −1 , regardless of the overseeding rate. Overseeding bermudagrass with roughstalk bluegrass or perennial ryegrass increased turfgrass green cover during winter, especially 100 days after seeding. Paclobutrazol, flurprimidol, and trinexapac-ethyl were successful at suppressing annual bluegrass seedheads and were not injurious to perennial ryegrass. Mefluidide resulted in efficient annual bluegrass seedhead suppression; however, unacceptable turfgrass injury occurred in 2012.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Pre-seeding cultural practices did not improve overseeding success.
- Taxon
- bermudagrass
Cynodon dactylont0 - Treatment
- pre-seeding cultural practicese0
- Outcome
- overseeding successe0
- Direction
- did not improvee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“pre-seeding cultural practices did not improve overseeding success”
t0“bermudagrass”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher perennial ryegrass overseeding rates lowered annual bluegrass density from 50% to 14 to 17% at rates up to 222 kg pure live seed per hectare.
- Taxon
- bermudagrassCynodon dactylont0
- Treatment
- perennial ryegrass overseeding ratese0
- Interactor
- Annual bluegrasse0weed
- Second interactor
- perennial ryegrass
Lolium perennee0other - Outcome
- Annual bluegrass densitye0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 14 to 17%e0
- Qualifier
- 50%e0
- Comparator
- non-overseedede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Annual bluegrass density decreased with increasing perennial ryegrass overseeding rates from 50% in the non-overseeded to 14 to 17% when overseeded with rates up to 222 kg pure live seed·ha −1”
t0“bermudagrass”
Claim · model-written summary
At 444 to 888 kg seed per hectare, perennial ryegrass overseeding reduced annual bluegrass density to 4 to 8%.
- Taxon
- bermudagrassCynodon dactylont0
- Treatment
- rates between 444 and 888 kg pure live seed·ha −1e0
- Outcome
- annual bluegrass densitye1
- Value
- 4 to 8%e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“4 to 8% when overseeded with rates between 444 and 888 kg pure live seed·ha −1”
t0“bermudagrass”
e1“Annual bluegrass density decreased with increasing perennial ryegrass overseeding rates from 50% in the non-overseeded to 14 to 17% when overseeded with rates up to 222 kg pure live seed·ha −1”
Claim · model-written summary
Roughstalk bluegrass overseeding reduced annual bluegrass density from 50% to 7 to 13%.
- Taxon
- bermudagrassCynodon dactylont0
- Treatment
- Roughstalk bluegrass overseedede0
- Interactor
- annual bluegrasse0weed
- Second interactor
- Roughstalk bluegrasse0other
- Outcome
- annual bluegrass densitye0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 7 to 13%e0
- Qualifier
- 50%e0
- Comparator
- non-overseedede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Roughstalk bluegrass overseeded reduced annual bluegrass density from 50% in the non-overseeded, to 7 to 13% when overseeded with 55, 111, or 222 kg pure live seed·ha −1”
t0“bermudagrass”
Claim · model-written summary
Roughstalk bluegrass overseeding increased winter green cover.
- Taxon
- bermudagrassCynodon dactylont0
- Treatment
- roughstalk bluegrasse0
- Outcome
- turfgrass green covere0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- during wintere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Overseeding bermudagrass with roughstalk bluegrass or perennial ryegrass increased turfgrass green cover during winter, especially 100 days after seeding.”
t0“bermudagrass”
Claim · model-written summary
Perennial ryegrass overseeding increased winter green cover.
- Taxon
- bermudagrassCynodon dactylont0
- Treatment
- perennial ryegrasse0
- Outcome
- turfgrass green covere0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- during wintere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Overseeding bermudagrass with roughstalk bluegrass or perennial ryegrass increased turfgrass green cover during winter, especially 100 days after seeding.”
t0“bermudagrass”
Claim · model-written summary
Paclobutrazol suppressed annual bluegrass seedheads without injuring perennial ryegrass.
- Taxon
- perennial ryegrassLolium perennee0
- Treatment
- Paclobutrazole0
- Interactor
- annual bluegrasse0weed
- Outcome
- annual bluegrass seedheadse0
- Direction
- suppressinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Paclobutrazol, flurprimidol, and trinexapac-ethyl were successful at suppressing annual bluegrass seedheads and were not injurious to perennial ryegrass.”
Claim · model-written summary
Flurprimidol suppressed annual bluegrass seedheads without injuring perennial ryegrass.
- Taxon
- perennial ryegrassLolium perennee0
- Treatment
- flurprimidole0
- Interactor
- annual bluegrasse0weed
- Outcome
- annual bluegrass seedheadse0
- Direction
- suppressinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Paclobutrazol, flurprimidol, and trinexapac-ethyl were successful at suppressing annual bluegrass seedheads and were not injurious to perennial ryegrass.”
Claim · model-written summary
Trinexapac-ethyl suppressed annual bluegrass seedheads without injuring perennial ryegrass.
- Taxon
- perennial ryegrassLolium perennee0
- Treatment
- trinexapac-ethyle0
- Interactor
- annual bluegrasse0weed
- Outcome
- annual bluegrass seedheadse0
- Direction
- suppressinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Paclobutrazol, flurprimidol, and trinexapac-ethyl were successful at suppressing annual bluegrass seedheads and were not injurious to perennial ryegrass.”
Claim · model-written summary
Mefluidide efficiently suppressed annual bluegrass seedheads.
- Taxon
- bermudagrassCynodon dactylont0
- Treatment
- Mefluididee0
- Interactor
- annual bluegrasse0weed
- Outcome
- annual bluegrass seedhead suppressione0
- Direction
- suppressione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Mefluidide resulted in efficient annual bluegrass seedhead suppression”
t0“bermudagrass”
Claim · model-written summary
Mefluidide caused unacceptable turf injury in 2012.
- Taxon
- bermudagrassCynodon dactylont0
- Treatment
- Mefluididee1
- Outcome
- turfgrass injurye0
- Qualifier
- 2012e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“unacceptable turfgrass injury occurred in 2012”
t0“bermudagrass”
e1“Mefluidide resulted in efficient annual bluegrass seedhead suppression”
The same questions in other papers
Mefluidide · crop injury · Cynodon dactylon (Bermuda grass)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- negative
Mefluidide · control · Cynodon dactylon (Bermuda grass)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.