Abstract
In this work the effect of ozone (O3), electrolyzed water (EW) in combination with passive refrigeration conservation system (PRS) on fruit quality was studied during postharvest. The amount of Colony Forming Units (CFUs) on fruit surface, shelf life (McKinney index), firmness and sugar content were evaluated during the conservation period of Citrus (cv. Navel orange and cv. Clementine commune), cherry (cv. Ferrovia) and table grape (cv. Redglobe, Crimson and Italia). O3 and EW dose and exposure time were set in in vitro experiment. O3 was used in washing water or as gas during storage. Results demonstrate that the combination of O3, EW and PRS treatments reduce microorganism contamination and increase fruits hardness and sugar content. An extension of fruit shelf-life was also evidenced. Elicitors are agents that can induce a range of defense mechanisms in citrus tissue. This characteristic results in a broad spectrum of metabolic modifications such as Systemic Acquired Resistance (SAR), Induced Systemic Resistance (ISR) and production of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS). In the present study we investigated the expression level of genes that encode Beta-1,3 glucanase (GNS1), Chitinase (CHI1), Phenylalanine-Ammonia Lyase (PAL1) and Peroxidase (POD1) in Navel sweet orange treated with two elicitors: ozone and Penicillium digitatum. Quantitative Reverse Transcriptase PCR (qRTPCR) showed that ozone applied singly increased the transcription of (GNS1) and (CHI1) with a fold change of 22 and 21 above the levels observed for the control at 24 hours and 48 hours after treatment. Unexpectedly, P.digitatum inoculation followed by ozone treatment was weakly effective in enhancing the tested genes. Overall, we consider that ozone can enhance the genes related to SAR (CHI1 and GNS1) in non-inoculated fruits. Therefore, ozone can be used as post-harvest treatment immediately after picking, before the exposure of fruits to pathogens. This lead to suggest fruit washing with EW storing in PRS under ozonized atmosphere, to counteract a pathogenic attack or in general a stress event.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Combined treatments reduced fruit microorganism contamination.
- Treatment
- combination of O3, EW and PRS treatmentse0
- Outcome
- microorganism contaminatione0
- Direction
- reducee0
CitrusNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Results demonstrate that the combination of O3, EW and PRS treatments reduce microorganism contamination and increase fruits hardness and sugar content.”
e1“Citrus (cv. Navel orange and cv. Clementine commune), cherry (cv. Ferrovia) and table grape (cv. Redglobe, Crimson and Italia)”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined treatments increased fruit hardness.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Results demonstrate that the combination of O3, EW and PRS treatments reduce microorganism contamination and increase fruits hardness and sugar content.”
e1“Citrus (cv. Navel orange and cv. Clementine commune), cherry (cv. Ferrovia) and table grape (cv. Redglobe, Crimson and Italia)”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined treatments increased fruit sugar content.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Results demonstrate that the combination of O3, EW and PRS treatments reduce microorganism contamination and increase fruits hardness and sugar content.”
e1“Citrus (cv. Navel orange and cv. Clementine commune), cherry (cv. Ferrovia) and table grape (cv. Redglobe, Crimson and Italia)”
Claim · model-written summary
The treatments extended fruit shelf life.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“An extension of fruit shelf-life was also evidenced.”
e1“O3, EW and PRS treatments”
e2“Citrus (cv. Navel orange and cv. Clementine commune), cherry (cv. Ferrovia) and table grape (cv. Redglobe, Crimson and Italia)”
Claim · model-written summary
Ozone alone increased GNS1 transcription 22 fold above control.
Verbatim
e0“ozone applied singly increased the transcription of (GNS1) and (CHI1) with a fold change of 22 and 21 above the levels observed for the control at 24 hours and 48 hours after treatment.”
e1“Navel sweet orange treated with two elicitors”
Claim · model-written summary
Ozone alone increased CHI1 transcription 21 fold above control.
Verbatim
e0“ozone applied singly increased the transcription of (GNS1) and (CHI1) with a fold change of 22 and 21 above the levels observed for the control at 24 hours and 48 hours after treatment.”
e1“Navel sweet orange treated with two elicitors”
Claim · model-written summary
Pathogen inoculation followed by ozone weakly enhanced the tested genes.
- Taxon
- Navel sweet orangee1
- Treatment
- P.digitatum inoculation followed by ozone treatmente0
- Interactor
- P.digitatum
Penicillium digitatume0pathogen - Outcome
- the tested genese0
- Direction
- enhancinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“P.digitatum inoculation followed by ozone treatment was weakly effective in enhancing the tested genes.”
e1“Navel sweet orange treated with two elicitors”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest washing fruit with EW and storing in PRS under ozone.
- Outcome
- fruit washing with EW storing in PRS under ozonized atmospheree0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This lead to suggest fruit washing with EW storing in PRS under ozonized atmosphere, to counteract a pathogenic attack or in general a stress event.”
e1“Citrus (cv. Navel orange and cv. Clementine commune), cherry (cv. Ferrovia) and table grape (cv. Redglobe, Crimson and Italia)”
The same questions in other papers
ozone · quality: postharvest · CitrusResults agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.