Abstract
The nitrogen (N) effect of legumes is one of the main reasons for their inclusion in rotation systems and their success in rainfed agriculture of Mediterranean areas. The comparative analysis of this effect in relation to alternative systems or practices is essential for a comprehensive appreciation in their merit. This field experiment was comprised of four three-year rotation cycles. Wheat (Triticum turgidum durum) was seeded for two consecutive years after common vetch (Vicia sativa L.), treated in three different ways, and after fallow and compared with three wheat monocultures: the conventional one, the continuous straw incorporation, and the sewage sludge incorporation once every three years. Wheat grain and straw yields and N uptake were compared among treatments. Results showed that rotation systems that included vetch were the most promising for improving sustainability. Maximum N uptake and the greatest yield surpluses were obtained when wheat followed vetch incorporated during flowering. When vetch in the rotation was cut for hay or left to fill grains subsequent wheat showed also enhanced yields. Fallow affected the rotation system’s fertility due to the incorporation of volunteer plants into the soil. Sewage sludge sustained production without the need for inorganic fertilization during three years. Straw incorporation always gave the smallest yields and N harvests, presumably due to soil N immobilization.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat following vetch incorporated during flowering had maximum N uptake.
- Taxon
- Wheat
Triticum aestivume1 - Treatment
- vetch incorporated during floweringe0
- Outcome
- N uptakee0
- Direction
- Maximume0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Maximum N uptake and the greatest yield surpluses were obtained when wheat followed vetch incorporated during flowering.”
e1“Wheat (Triticum turgidum durum) was seeded”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat following vetch incorporated during flowering had the greatest yield surpluses.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- vetch incorporated during floweringe0
- Outcome
- yield surplusese0
- Direction
- greateste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Maximum N uptake and the greatest yield surpluses were obtained when wheat followed vetch incorporated during flowering.”
e1“Wheat (Triticum turgidum durum) was seeded”
Claim · model-written summary
Cutting rotation vetch for hay enhanced subsequent wheat yields.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- vetch in the rotation was cut for haye0
- Outcome
- subsequent wheat showed also enhanced yieldse0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“When vetch in the rotation was cut for hay or left to fill grains subsequent wheat showed also enhanced yields.”
e1“Wheat (Triticum turgidum durum) was seeded”
Claim · model-written summary
Allowing rotation vetch to fill grains enhanced subsequent wheat yields.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- left to fill grainse0
- Outcome
- subsequent wheat showed also enhanced yieldse0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“When vetch in the rotation was cut for hay or left to fill grains subsequent wheat showed also enhanced yields.”
e1“Wheat (Triticum turgidum durum) was seeded”
Claim · model-written summary
Rotation systems including vetch were judged most promising for sustainability.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- rotation systems that included vetche0
- Outcome
- most promising for improving sustainabilitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Results showed that rotation systems that included vetch were the most promising for improving sustainability.”
e1“Wheat (Triticum turgidum durum) was seeded”
Claim · model-written summary
Fallow affected rotation fertility through incorporated volunteer plants.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- Fallowe0
- Outcome
- rotation system’s fertilitye0
- Qualifier
- incorporation of volunteer plants into the soile0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fallow affected the rotation system’s fertility due to the incorporation of volunteer plants into the soil.”
e1“Wheat (Triticum turgidum durum) was seeded”
Claim · model-written summary
Sewage sludge sustained production without inorganic fertilizer for three years.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- Sewage sludgee0
- Outcome
- productione0
- Direction
- sustainede0
- Qualifier
- without the need for inorganic fertilization during three yearse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sewage sludge sustained production without the need for inorganic fertilization during three years.”
e1“Wheat (Triticum turgidum durum) was seeded”
Claim · model-written summary
Straw incorporation produced the smallest yields.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- Straw incorporatione0
- Outcome
- yieldse0
- Direction
- smalleste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Straw incorporation always gave the smallest yields and N harvests, presumably due to soil N immobilization.”
e1“Wheat (Triticum turgidum durum) was seeded”
Claim · model-written summary
Straw incorporation produced the smallest N harvests.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- Straw incorporatione0
- Outcome
- N harvestse0
- Direction
- smalleste0
- Qualifier
- presumably due to soil N immobilizatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Straw incorporation always gave the smallest yields and N harvests, presumably due to soil N immobilization.”
e1“Wheat (Triticum turgidum durum) was seeded”
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