Abstract
Russian-olive is a nitrogen-fixing tree invading riparian corridors in western North America. The premise of revegetation after weed removal is that revegetation is required to return native species to a removal site and that revegetation improves site resistance to invasion or reinvasion via competitive exclusion. Therefore, we expected that revegetation would reduce invasive species cover and increase native species cover compared with non-revegetated controls. Native understory species diversity increased with time since removal. We recorded 18.2 native species in 2012, and 28.2 native species in 2016. Out of 22 planted species, 2 did not establish. Diversity in revegetated plots did not differ from unplanted controls, likely because species spread quickly across plot boundaries. Native perennial grass, seeded species, and annual bromes increased over time, while nonnative forbs and native forbs decreased over time. Only invasive perennial grass cover responded to the revegetation treatment with cover much higher in controls compared with revegetated plots (25.7% vs. 7.7%); this was likely a response to a preplanting herbicide treatment. All categories of species diversity except invasive species diversity increased over time. Only 4% of Russian-olive stumps resprouted in the first year of removal, less than 1% resprouted 2 yr after removal. There was no Russian-olive emergence from seed in the removal year, and seed emergence varied exponentially among following years. Seeded native species did not have trouble establishing once adequate spring moisture occurred in the second growing season after Russian-olive removal, indicating that removal did not present substantial obstacles to successful revegetation. Follow-up control of Russian-olive is critical after initial treatment.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Native understory species diversity increased with time since removal, with 18.2 native species recorded in 2012 and 28.2 in 2016.
- Taxon
- Native understory speciese0
- Outcome
- diversitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 18.2 native species in 2012, and 28.2 native species in 2016e1
- Qualifier
- time since removale0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Native understory species diversity increased with time since removal”
e1“We recorded 18.2 native species in 2012, and 28.2 native species in 2016”
Claim · model-written summary
Diversity in revegetated plots did not differ from unplanted controls.
Verbatim
e0“Native understory species diversity increased with time since removal”
e1“Diversity in revegetated plots did not differ from unplanted controls”
Claim · model-written summary
Of 22 planted species, 2 did not establish.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Out of 22 planted species, 2 did not establish”
Claim · model-written summary
Native perennial grass, seeded species and annual bromes increased over time.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Native perennial grass, seeded species, and annual bromes increased over time”
Claim · model-written summary
Nonnative forbs and native forbs decreased over time.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“nonnative forbs and native forbs decreased over time”
Claim · model-written summary
Only invasive perennial grass cover responded to revegetation, being much higher in controls than in revegetated plots (25.7% vs. 7.7%).
Verbatim
e0“Only invasive perennial grass cover responded to the revegetation treatment with cover much higher in controls compared with revegetated plots (25.7% vs. 7.7%)”
Claim · model-written summary
The lower invasive perennial grass cover with revegetation was likely a response to a preplanting herbicide treatment.
- Taxon
- invasive perennial grasse0
- Treatment
- preplanting herbicide treatmente0
- Outcome
- covere0
- Qualifier
- likelye0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Only invasive perennial grass cover responded to the revegetation treatment with cover much higher in controls compared with revegetated plots (25.7% vs. 7.7%); this was likely a response to a preplanting herbicide treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
All categories of species diversity except invasive species diversity increased over time.
- Taxon
- speciese0
- Outcome
- All categories of species diversitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- except invasive species diversitye0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“All categories of species diversity except invasive species diversity increased over time”
Claim · model-written summary
Only 4% of Russian-olive stumps resprouted in the first year after removal.
- Taxon
- Russian-olive
Elaeagnus angustifoliae0 - Outcome
- stumps resproutede0
- Value
- 4%e0
- Qualifier
- first year of removale0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Only 4% of Russian-olive stumps resprouted in the first year of removal”
Claim · model-written summary
Less than 1% of Russian-olive stumps resprouted 2 years after removal.
- Taxon
- Russian-oliveElaeagnus angustifoliae0
- Outcome
- stumps resproutede0
- Value
- less than 1%e0
- Qualifier
- 2 yr after removale0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Only 4% of Russian-olive stumps resprouted in the first year of removal, less than 1% resprouted 2 yr after removal”
Claim · model-written summary
There was no Russian-olive emergence from seed in the removal year.
- Taxon
- Russian-oliveElaeagnus angustifoliae0
- Outcome
- emergence from seede0
- Qualifier
- removal yeare0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“There was no Russian-olive emergence from seed in the removal year”
Claim · model-written summary
Russian-olive seed emergence varied exponentially among the years following removal.
- Taxon
- Russian-oliveElaeagnus angustifoliae0
- Outcome
- seed emergencee0
- Qualifier
- varied exponentially among following yearse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“There was no Russian-olive emergence from seed in the removal year, and seed emergence varied exponentially among following years”
Claim · model-written summary
Seeded native species did not have trouble establishing once adequate spring moisture occurred in the second growing season after Russian-olive removal.
- Taxon
- Seeded native speciese0
- Outcome
- establishinge0
- Qualifier
- once adequate spring moisture occurred in the second growing seasone0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Seeded native species did not have trouble establishing once adequate spring moisture occurred in the second growing season after Russian-olive removal”
Claim · model-written summary
Follow-up control of Russian-olive is critical after initial treatment.
- Taxon
- Russian-oliveElaeagnus angustifoliae0
- Outcome
- Follow-up controle0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Follow-up control of Russian-olive is critical after initial treatment”