Abstract
A factorial experiment was conducted in R.C.B.D. in a clay-loam texure soil at the experimental farm, college of agriculture, university of AL –anbar, Iraq in spring seasons of 2002 and 2004. In order to study the growth response and seed yields and quality of the three sunflower genotypes (Euroflower,Flamme and Akmar) to the planting distances between hills were (20 , 30 and 40 )cm and the number of plants per hill was (1, 2plants ). The results of both years could be summarized as follows . Flamme genotype was significantly superior (P < 0.05 ) in most characters of growth , yields and harvest index in both years, and gave high yield of seeds (10.19 ton /ha) as an average for the two years compared to Akmar genotype (6.12 ton / ha ) and Euro flower (6.46 ton / ha ). Oil yields were (3.82, 2.31 and 2.41 )ton /ha for the three genotypes respectively . Decreasing distance between hills caused significant increase in the plant height, leaf area index ,dry matter yield , seed yield and harvest index in both years, Oil percentage and oil yields in the first year , and the value of the above characters reached the highest at 20 cm distance between hills . This distance was superior in seed and oil yields with the percent 38.33 and 54.09 % for the first character as an average for both seasons, For the second character the average was 43.02 and 62.56 % as compared with 30 and 40 cm distance among hills respectively, while a reverse results was obtained for leaf area , head diameter , number of seeds per head and weight of 1000 seeds for both years of study . when planting two plants in a hill; the yields of seed increased about 70% as an average for both years and oil yields to about 54% as compared with planting one plant per hill, the harvest index which had no effect, while oil percent had increased significantly with planting one plant in the hill . The interaction among genotypes , hill space and number of plants in a hill had significantly effected (P It was concluded that there was a positive increase in seed and oil yield by reducing the distance of planting and increasing the plants per a hill (increasing the plant density) for all genotypes. Flamme genotype was the most efficient in using its physiological and genotypical ability under the conditions of study ; it gave higher seed and oil yields when planted in a distance of 20 cm between each two hills with of two plants per hill (200000 plant/hac.).
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Flamme had superior growth, yield and harvest index relative to the other genotypes.
Helianthus annuusOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Flamme genotype was significantly superior (P < 0.05 ) in most characters of growth , yields and harvest index in both years”
t0“sunflower genotypes (Helianthus annuus L .)”
t1“sunflower genotypes (Helianthus annuus L .)”
e2“Flamme genotype was significantly superior (P < 0.05 ) in most characters of growth , yields and harvest index in both years”
e3“Oil percentage and oil yields in the first year , and the value of the above characters reached the highest at 20 cm distance between hills”
e4“For the second character the average was 43.02 and 62.56 % as compared with 30 and 40 cm distance among hills respectively”
e5“Decreasing distance between hills caused significant increase in the plant height, leaf area index ,dry matter yield , seed yield and harvest index in both years”
e6“the number of plants per hill was (1, 2plants )”
e7“when planting two plants in a hill; the yields of seed increased about 70% as an average for both years and oil yields to about 54% as compared with planting one plant per hill”
Claim · model-written summary
Flamme seed yield averaged 10.19 ton /ha, compared with Akmar at 6.12 and Euro flower at 6.46 ton / ha.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“gave high yield of seeds (10.19 ton /ha) as an average for the two years compared to Akmar genotype (6.12 ton / ha ) and Euro flower (6.46 ton / ha )”
t0“sunflower genotypes (Helianthus annuus L .)”
t1“sunflower genotypes (Helianthus annuus L .)”
e2“Flamme genotype was significantly superior (P < 0.05 ) in most characters of growth , yields and harvest index in both years”
e3“Oil percentage and oil yields in the first year , and the value of the above characters reached the highest at 20 cm distance between hills”
e4“For the second character the average was 43.02 and 62.56 % as compared with 30 and 40 cm distance among hills respectively”
e5“Decreasing distance between hills caused significant increase in the plant height, leaf area index ,dry matter yield , seed yield and harvest index in both years”
e6“the number of plants per hill was (1, 2plants )”
e7“when planting two plants in a hill; the yields of seed increased about 70% as an average for both years and oil yields to about 54% as compared with planting one plant per hill”
Claim · model-written summary
Flamme oil yield was 3.82 ton /ha, above Akmar at 2.31 and Euroflower at 2.41 ton /ha.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Oil yields were (3.82, 2.31 and 2.41 )ton /ha for the three genotypes respectively .”
t0“sunflower genotypes (Helianthus annuus L .)”
t1“sunflower genotypes (Helianthus annuus L .)”
e2“Flamme genotype was significantly superior (P < 0.05 ) in most characters of growth , yields and harvest index in both years”
e3“Oil percentage and oil yields in the first year , and the value of the above characters reached the highest at 20 cm distance between hills”
e4“For the second character the average was 43.02 and 62.56 % as compared with 30 and 40 cm distance among hills respectively”
e5“Decreasing distance between hills caused significant increase in the plant height, leaf area index ,dry matter yield , seed yield and harvest index in both years”
e6“the number of plants per hill was (1, 2plants )”
e7“when planting two plants in a hill; the yields of seed increased about 70% as an average for both years and oil yields to about 54% as compared with planting one plant per hill”
Claim · model-written summary
Narrower hill spacing increased sunflower plant height, leaf area index and dry matter yield.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Decreasing distance between hills caused significant increase in the plant height, leaf area index ,dry matter yield , seed yield and harvest index in both years”
t0“sunflower genotypes (Helianthus annuus L .)”
t1“sunflower genotypes (Helianthus annuus L .)”
e2“Flamme genotype was significantly superior (P < 0.05 ) in most characters of growth , yields and harvest index in both years”
e3“Oil percentage and oil yields in the first year , and the value of the above characters reached the highest at 20 cm distance between hills”
e4“For the second character the average was 43.02 and 62.56 % as compared with 30 and 40 cm distance among hills respectively”
e5“Decreasing distance between hills caused significant increase in the plant height, leaf area index ,dry matter yield , seed yield and harvest index in both years”
e6“the number of plants per hill was (1, 2plants )”
e7“when planting two plants in a hill; the yields of seed increased about 70% as an average for both years and oil yields to about 54% as compared with planting one plant per hill”
Claim · model-written summary
Narrower hill spacing increased seed yield and harvest index.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Decreasing distance between hills caused significant increase in the plant height, leaf area index ,dry matter yield , seed yield and harvest index in both years”
t0“sunflower genotypes (Helianthus annuus L .)”
t1“sunflower genotypes (Helianthus annuus L .)”
e2“Flamme genotype was significantly superior (P < 0.05 ) in most characters of growth , yields and harvest index in both years”
e3“Oil percentage and oil yields in the first year , and the value of the above characters reached the highest at 20 cm distance between hills”
e4“For the second character the average was 43.02 and 62.56 % as compared with 30 and 40 cm distance among hills respectively”
e5“Decreasing distance between hills caused significant increase in the plant height, leaf area index ,dry matter yield , seed yield and harvest index in both years”
e6“the number of plants per hill was (1, 2plants )”
e7“when planting two plants in a hill; the yields of seed increased about 70% as an average for both years and oil yields to about 54% as compared with planting one plant per hill”
Claim · model-written summary
Narrower hill spacing increased oil percentage and oil yield in the first year.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Oil percentage and oil yields in the first year , and the value of the above characters reached the highest at 20 cm distance between hills”
t0“sunflower genotypes (Helianthus annuus L .)”
t1“sunflower genotypes (Helianthus annuus L .)”
e2“Flamme genotype was significantly superior (P < 0.05 ) in most characters of growth , yields and harvest index in both years”
e3“Oil percentage and oil yields in the first year , and the value of the above characters reached the highest at 20 cm distance between hills”
e4“For the second character the average was 43.02 and 62.56 % as compared with 30 and 40 cm distance among hills respectively”
e5“Decreasing distance between hills caused significant increase in the plant height, leaf area index ,dry matter yield , seed yield and harvest index in both years”
e6“the number of plants per hill was (1, 2plants )”
e7“when planting two plants in a hill; the yields of seed increased about 70% as an average for both years and oil yields to about 54% as compared with planting one plant per hill”
Claim · model-written summary
At 20 cm spacing, seed yield exceeded yields at 30 and 40 cm by 38.33% and 54.09%, respectively.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This distance was superior in seed and oil yields with the percent 38.33 and 54.09 % for the first character as an average for both seasons”
t0“sunflower genotypes (Helianthus annuus L .)”
t1“sunflower genotypes (Helianthus annuus L .)”
e2“Flamme genotype was significantly superior (P < 0.05 ) in most characters of growth , yields and harvest index in both years”
e3“Oil percentage and oil yields in the first year , and the value of the above characters reached the highest at 20 cm distance between hills”
e4“For the second character the average was 43.02 and 62.56 % as compared with 30 and 40 cm distance among hills respectively”
e5“Decreasing distance between hills caused significant increase in the plant height, leaf area index ,dry matter yield , seed yield and harvest index in both years”
e6“the number of plants per hill was (1, 2plants )”
e7“when planting two plants in a hill; the yields of seed increased about 70% as an average for both years and oil yields to about 54% as compared with planting one plant per hill”
Claim · model-written summary
At 20 cm spacing, oil yield exceeded yields at 30 and 40 cm by 43.02% and 62.56%, respectively.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“For the second character the average was 43.02 and 62.56 % as compared with 30 and 40 cm distance among hills respectively”
t0“sunflower genotypes (Helianthus annuus L .)”
t1“sunflower genotypes (Helianthus annuus L .)”
e2“Flamme genotype was significantly superior (P < 0.05 ) in most characters of growth , yields and harvest index in both years”
e3“Oil percentage and oil yields in the first year , and the value of the above characters reached the highest at 20 cm distance between hills”
e4“For the second character the average was 43.02 and 62.56 % as compared with 30 and 40 cm distance among hills respectively”
e5“Decreasing distance between hills caused significant increase in the plant height, leaf area index ,dry matter yield , seed yield and harvest index in both years”
e6“the number of plants per hill was (1, 2plants )”
e7“when planting two plants in a hill; the yields of seed increased about 70% as an average for both years and oil yields to about 54% as compared with planting one plant per hill”
Claim · model-written summary
Narrower spacing reduced leaf area, head diameter, seeds per head and thousand-seed weight.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“while a reverse results was obtained for leaf area , head diameter , number of seeds per head and weight of 1000 seeds for both years of study”
t0“sunflower genotypes (Helianthus annuus L .)”
t1“sunflower genotypes (Helianthus annuus L .)”
e2“Flamme genotype was significantly superior (P < 0.05 ) in most characters of growth , yields and harvest index in both years”
e3“Oil percentage and oil yields in the first year , and the value of the above characters reached the highest at 20 cm distance between hills”
e4“For the second character the average was 43.02 and 62.56 % as compared with 30 and 40 cm distance among hills respectively”
e5“Decreasing distance between hills caused significant increase in the plant height, leaf area index ,dry matter yield , seed yield and harvest index in both years”
e6“the number of plants per hill was (1, 2plants )”
e7“when planting two plants in a hill; the yields of seed increased about 70% as an average for both years and oil yields to about 54% as compared with planting one plant per hill”
Claim · model-written summary
Two plants per hill increased seed yield by about 70% compared with one plant per hill.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“when planting two plants in a hill; the yields of seed increased about 70% as an average for both years and oil yields to about 54% as compared with planting one plant per hill”
t0“sunflower genotypes (Helianthus annuus L .)”
t1“sunflower genotypes (Helianthus annuus L .)”
e2“Flamme genotype was significantly superior (P < 0.05 ) in most characters of growth , yields and harvest index in both years”
e3“Oil percentage and oil yields in the first year , and the value of the above characters reached the highest at 20 cm distance between hills”
e4“For the second character the average was 43.02 and 62.56 % as compared with 30 and 40 cm distance among hills respectively”
e5“Decreasing distance between hills caused significant increase in the plant height, leaf area index ,dry matter yield , seed yield and harvest index in both years”
e6“the number of plants per hill was (1, 2plants )”
e7“when planting two plants in a hill; the yields of seed increased about 70% as an average for both years and oil yields to about 54% as compared with planting one plant per hill”
Claim · model-written summary
Two plants per hill increased oil yield by about 54% compared with one plant per hill.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“when planting two plants in a hill; the yields of seed increased about 70% as an average for both years and oil yields to about 54% as compared with planting one plant per hill”
t0“sunflower genotypes (Helianthus annuus L .)”
t1“sunflower genotypes (Helianthus annuus L .)”
e2“Flamme genotype was significantly superior (P < 0.05 ) in most characters of growth , yields and harvest index in both years”
e3“Oil percentage and oil yields in the first year , and the value of the above characters reached the highest at 20 cm distance between hills”
e4“For the second character the average was 43.02 and 62.56 % as compared with 30 and 40 cm distance among hills respectively”
e5“Decreasing distance between hills caused significant increase in the plant height, leaf area index ,dry matter yield , seed yield and harvest index in both years”
e6“the number of plants per hill was (1, 2plants )”
e7“when planting two plants in a hill; the yields of seed increased about 70% as an average for both years and oil yields to about 54% as compared with planting one plant per hill”
Claim · model-written summary
Plant number per hill had no reported effect on harvest index.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the harvest index which had no effect”
t0“sunflower genotypes (Helianthus annuus L .)”
t1“sunflower genotypes (Helianthus annuus L .)”
e2“Flamme genotype was significantly superior (P < 0.05 ) in most characters of growth , yields and harvest index in both years”
e3“Oil percentage and oil yields in the first year , and the value of the above characters reached the highest at 20 cm distance between hills”
e4“For the second character the average was 43.02 and 62.56 % as compared with 30 and 40 cm distance among hills respectively”
e5“Decreasing distance between hills caused significant increase in the plant height, leaf area index ,dry matter yield , seed yield and harvest index in both years”
e6“the number of plants per hill was (1, 2plants )”
e7“when planting two plants in a hill; the yields of seed increased about 70% as an average for both years and oil yields to about 54% as compared with planting one plant per hill”
Claim · model-written summary
One plant per hill significantly increased sunflower oil percentage.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“oil percent had increased significantly with planting one plant in the hill”
t0“sunflower genotypes (Helianthus annuus L .)”
t1“sunflower genotypes (Helianthus annuus L .)”
e2“Flamme genotype was significantly superior (P < 0.05 ) in most characters of growth , yields and harvest index in both years”
e3“Oil percentage and oil yields in the first year , and the value of the above characters reached the highest at 20 cm distance between hills”
e4“For the second character the average was 43.02 and 62.56 % as compared with 30 and 40 cm distance among hills respectively”
e5“Decreasing distance between hills caused significant increase in the plant height, leaf area index ,dry matter yield , seed yield and harvest index in both years”
e6“the number of plants per hill was (1, 2plants )”
e7“when planting two plants in a hill; the yields of seed increased about 70% as an average for both years and oil yields to about 54% as compared with planting one plant per hill”
Claim · model-written summary
Flamme produced higher seed and oil yields at 20 cm spacing and two plants per hill.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“it gave higher seed and oil yields when planted in a distance of 20 cm between each two hills with of two plants per hill (200000 plant/hac.)”
t0“sunflower genotypes (Helianthus annuus L .)”
t1“sunflower genotypes (Helianthus annuus L .)”
e2“Flamme genotype was significantly superior (P < 0.05 ) in most characters of growth , yields and harvest index in both years”
e3“Oil percentage and oil yields in the first year , and the value of the above characters reached the highest at 20 cm distance between hills”
e4“For the second character the average was 43.02 and 62.56 % as compared with 30 and 40 cm distance among hills respectively”
e5“Decreasing distance between hills caused significant increase in the plant height, leaf area index ,dry matter yield , seed yield and harvest index in both years”
e6“the number of plants per hill was (1, 2plants )”
e7“when planting two plants in a hill; the yields of seed increased about 70% as an average for both years and oil yields to about 54% as compared with planting one plant per hill”