Abstract
In angiosperms, the first zygotic division usually gives rise to two daughter cells with distinct morphologies and developmental fates, which is critical for embryo pattern formation; however, it is still unclear when and how these distinct cell fates are specified, and whether the cell specification is related to cytoplasmic localization or polarity. Here, we demonstrated that when isolated from both maternal tissues and the apical cell, a single basal cell could only develop into a typical suspensor, but never into an embryo in vitro. Morphological, cytological and gene expression analyses confirmed that the resulting suspensor in vitro is highly similar to its undisturbed in vivo counterpart. We also demonstrated that the isolated apical cell could develop into a small globular embryo, both in vivo and in vitro, after artificial dysfunction of the basal cell; however, these growing apical cell lineages could never generate a new suspensor. These findings suggest that the initial round of cell fate specification occurs at the two-celled proembryo stage, and that the basal cell lineage is autonomously specified towards the suspensor, implying a polar distribution of cytoplasmic contents in the zygote. The cell fate transition of the basal cell lineage to the embryo in vivo is actually a conditional cell specification process, depending on the developmental signals from both the apical cell lineage and maternal tissues connected to the basal cell lineage.
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Claims 5
Claim · model-written summary
An isolated basal cell developed only into a typical suspensor, never into an embryo, in vitro.
- Taxon
- angiospermsMagnoliopsidae0
- Organ / stage
- basal celle1
- Outcome
- develop into a typical suspensore1
- Qualifier
- never into an embryo in vitroe1
Verbatim
e0“In angiosperms, the first zygotic division usually gives rise to two daughter cells with distinct morphologies and developmental fates”
e1“Here, we demonstrated that when isolated from both maternal tissues and the apical cell, a single basal cell could only develop into a typical suspensor, but never into an embryo in vitro”
Claim · model-written summary
An isolated apical cell developed into a small globular embryo after artificial dysfunction of the basal cell.
- Taxon
- angiospermsMagnoliopsidae0
- Organ / stage
- apical celle2
- Outcome
- develop into a small globular embryoe2
- Qualifier
- after artificial dysfunction of the basal celle2
Verbatim
e0“In angiosperms, the first zygotic division usually gives rise to two daughter cells with distinct morphologies and developmental fates”
e2“We also demonstrated that the isolated apical cell could develop into a small globular embryo, both in vivo and in vitro, after artificial dysfunction of the basal cell; however, these growing apical cell lineages could never generate a new suspensor”
Claim · model-written summary
Apical cell lineages could never generate a new suspensor.
- Taxon
- angiospermsMagnoliopsidae0
- Organ / stage
- apical cell lineagese2
- Outcome
- generate a new suspensore2
Verbatim
e0“In angiosperms, the first zygotic division usually gives rise to two daughter cells with distinct morphologies and developmental fates”
e2“We also demonstrated that the isolated apical cell could develop into a small globular embryo, both in vivo and in vitro, after artificial dysfunction of the basal cell; however, these growing apical cell lineages could never generate a new suspensor”
Claim · model-written summary
The initial round of cell fate specification occurs at the two-celled proembryo stage.
- Taxon
- angiospermsMagnoliopsidae0
- Organ / stage
- two-celled proembryo stagee3
- Outcome
- initial round of cell fate specificatione3
Verbatim
e0“In angiosperms, the first zygotic division usually gives rise to two daughter cells with distinct morphologies and developmental fates”
e3“These findings suggest that the initial round of cell fate specification occurs at the two-celled proembryo stage, and that the basal cell lineage is autonomously specified towards the suspensor, implying a polar distribution of cytoplasmic contents in the zygote”
Claim · model-written summary
The basal cell lineage is autonomously specified towards the suspensor.
- Taxon
- angiospermsMagnoliopsidae0
- Organ / stage
- basal cell lineagee3
- Outcome
- autonomously specified towards the suspensore3
Verbatim
e0“In angiosperms, the first zygotic division usually gives rise to two daughter cells with distinct morphologies and developmental fates”
e3“These findings suggest that the initial round of cell fate specification occurs at the two-celled proembryo stage, and that the basal cell lineage is autonomously specified towards the suspensor, implying a polar distribution of cytoplasmic contents in the zygote”