Abstract
Irregular flowering over years is commonly observed in fruit trees. The early prediction of tree behaviour is highly desirable in breeding programmes. This study aims at performing such predictions, combining simplified phenotyping and statistics methods. Sequences of vegetative vs. floral annual shoots (AS) were observed along axes in trees belonging to five apple related full-sib families. Sequences were analysed using Markovian and linear mixed models including year and site effects. Indices of flowering irregularity, periodicity and synchronicity were estimated, at tree and axis scales. They were used to predict tree behaviour and detect QTL with a Bayesian pedigree-based analysis, using an integrated genetic map containing 6,849 SNPs. The combination of a Biennial Bearing Index (BBI) with an autoregressive coefficient ( ) efficiently predicted and classified the genotype behaviours, despite few miss-classifications. Four QTLs common to BBIs and and one for synchronicity were highlighted and revealed the complex genetic architecture of the traits. Irregularity resulted from high AS synchronism, whereas regularity resulted from either asynchronous locally alternating or continual regular AS flowering. A relevant and time-saving method, based on a posteriori sampling of axes and statistical indices is proposed, which is efficient to evaluate the tree breeding values for flowering regularity and could be transferred to other species.
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Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
The combined indices efficiently predicted and classified apple genotype flowering behavior, with some misclassifications.
- Taxon
- Apple
Malus domesticat0 - Outcome
- predicted and classified the genotype behaviourse0
- Qualifier
- despite few miss-classificationse0
Not reportedComparatorValue
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apple Multi-family Population”
e0“The combination of a Biennial Bearing Index (BBI) with an autoregressive coefficient ( ) efficiently predicted and classified the genotype behaviours, despite few miss-classifications.”
Claim · model-written summary
Four QTLs were common to the two flowering irregularity indices.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Outcome
- QTLs common to BBIs ande0
- Value
- Four QTLse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apple Multi-family Population”
e0“Four QTLs common to BBIs and and one for synchronicity were highlighted”
Claim · model-written summary
One QTL was highlighted for flowering synchronicity.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Outcome
- synchronicitye0
- Value
- onee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apple Multi-family Population”
e0“one for synchronicity were highlighted”
Claim · model-written summary
Flowering irregularity resulted from high annual shoot synchronism.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Outcome
- Irregularitye0
- Qualifier
- high AS synchronisme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apple Multi-family Population”
e0“Irregularity resulted from high AS synchronism”
Claim · model-written summary
Regular flowering resulted from asynchronous, locally alternating annual shoot flowering.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Outcome
- regularitye0
- Qualifier
- asynchronous locally alternatinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apple Multi-family Population”
e0“regularity resulted from either asynchronous locally alternating or continual regular AS flowering”
Claim · model-written summary
Regular flowering also resulted from continual regular annual shoot flowering.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Outcome
- regularitye0
- Qualifier
- continual regular AS floweringe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apple Multi-family Population”
e0“regularity resulted from either asynchronous locally alternating or continual regular AS flowering”
Claim · model-written summary
The proposed axis sampling and indices method efficiently evaluates breeding values for flowering regularity and may transfer to other species.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Outcome
- evaluate the tree breeding values for flowering regularitye0
- Qualifier
- could be transferred to other speciese0
Not reportedComparatorValue
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apple Multi-family Population”
e0“A relevant and time-saving method, based on a posteriori sampling of axes and statistical indices is proposed, which is efficient to evaluate the tree breeding values for flowering regularity and could be transferred to other species.”