Abstract
Continuing increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration, [CO 2 ], will likely be accompanied by global warming. Thus, it is important to quantify and understand the consequences of elevated [CO 2 ] and temperature on crop growth and yield to develop suitable varieties and agronomic management practices for future climates. The objective of this study was to investigate the growth and development responses of shoots and roots of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) grown under different combinations of atmospheric [CO 2 ] and temperature. The study comprised a long-term experiment, in which plants were grown in growth chambers for 112 days, and a short-term experiment, in which growing plants in rhizotrons for 17 days. In the long-term experiment, peanut cultivar Tainan 9 was grown in 20-L containers fitted with minirhizotron observation tubes at 5 cm soil depth and placed in controlled environment chambers under three levels of [CO 2 ] (400, 600, and 800 mol mol -1 ) and two levels of air temperature (25/15C and 35/25C day/night temperature). In the short-term experiment, two peanut seedlings were grown in each of 18 acrylic rhizotrons with a 6-mm thick soil layer. Rhizotrons with plants were placed in the same growth chambers as above. At 3-to 4-day intervals, rhizotrons were placed on a flatbed scanner to collect digital images from which root length and number were measured using RMS software. At 25/15C, plants grown at 600 and 800 mol mol -1 CO 2 had main stems that were 24 and 44% longer than those grown at 400 mol mol -1 , while at 35/25C the main stem length was similar in all [CO 2 ] levels. At 25/15C, plants showed greater area and dry weight per leaf than at 35/25C. At harvest, high temperature significantly reduced total leaf area to 574 cm 2 for 35/ 25C compared with 921.2 cm 2 for 25/15C. Specific leaf area at low temperature was 22% less than at high temperature. Above ground biomass was increased by elevated CO 2 in both temperature treatments. At high temperature, above ground biomass was 56%, 24%, and 16% higher than at low temperature at [CO 2 ] of 400, 600 and 800 mol mol -1 , respectively. Pod dry weight increased with increasing [CO 2 ] at 25/15C, but was not different among [CO 2 ] levels at 35/25C. At 25/15C, pod dry weight was 50% higher than at 35/ 25C. As the temperature increased from 25/15C to 35/25C, pod dry weight was reduced by 40% at 400, 53% at 600, and 54% at 800 mol mol -1 CO 2 . High temperature produced more root length in the containers, whereas low temperature did in the rhizotrons. There were significant interactions between temperature and [CO 2 ] for their effects on main stem length and above ground biomass. High temperature enhanced growth of shoots and roots, but decreased pod dry weight. There was no interaction of elevated [CO 2 ] with higher temperature on the reproductive growth, despite a tendency for beneficial temperature by [CO 2 ] interaction on vegetative growth and total shoot dry weight. The beneficial effects of increased [CO 2 ] on photosynthesis and growth were overwhelmed by the negative effect of high temperature on reproductive growth.
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Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
At 25/15C, peanut main stems were 24% and 44% longer under 600 and 800 mol mol -1 CO2 than under 400 mol mol -1.
- Taxon
- peanut
Arachis hypogaeae0 - Treatment
- 600 and 800 mol mol -1 CO 2e1
- Outcome
- main stemse1
- Direction
- longere1
- Value
- 24 and 44%e1
- Qualifier
- At 25/15Ce1
- Comparator
- 400 mol mol -1e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“shoots and roots of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.)”
e1“At 25/15C, plants grown at 600 and 800 mol mol -1 CO 2 had main stems that were 24 and 44% longer than those grown at 400 mol mol -1”
Claim · model-written summary
At 35/25C, main stem length of peanut was similar across CO2 levels.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeae0
- Treatment
- [CO 2 ] levelse2
- Outcome
- main stem lengthe2
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede2
- Qualifier
- 35/25Ce2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“shoots and roots of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.)”
e2“while at 35/25C the main stem length was similar in all [CO 2 ] levels”
Claim · model-written summary
At 25/15C, peanut plants had greater leaf area and dry weight per leaf than at 35/25C.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeae0
- Treatment
- 25/15Ce2
- Outcome
- area and dry weight per leafe2
- Direction
- greatere2
- Comparator
- 35/25Ce2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“shoots and roots of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.)”
e2“At 25/15C, plants showed greater area and dry weight per leaf than at 35/25C”
Claim · model-written summary
High temperature significantly reduced total leaf area of peanut to 574 cm2 at 35/25C compared with 921.2 cm2 at 25/15C.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeae0
- Treatment
- high temperaturee3
- Outcome
- total leaf areae3
- Direction
- reducede3
- Value
- 574 cm 2e3
- Comparator
- 921.2 cm 2 for 25/15Ce3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“shoots and roots of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.)”
e3“At harvest, high temperature significantly reduced total leaf area to 574 cm 2 for 35/ 25C compared with 921.2 cm 2 for 25/15C”
Claim · model-written summary
Specific leaf area of peanut at low temperature was 22% less than at high temperature.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeae0
- Treatment
- low temperaturee4
- Outcome
- Specific leaf areae4
- Direction
- lesse4
- Value
- 22%e4
- Comparator
- high temperaturee4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“shoots and roots of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.)”
e4“Specific leaf area at low temperature was 22% less than at high temperature”
Claim · model-written summary
Above ground biomass of peanut was increased by elevated CO2 in both temperature treatments.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeae0
- Treatment
- elevated CO 2e5
- Outcome
- Above ground biomasse5
- Direction
- increasede5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“shoots and roots of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.)”
e5“Above ground biomass was increased by elevated CO 2 in both temperature treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
At high temperature, above ground biomass of peanut was 56%, 24% and 16% higher than at low temperature at 400, 600 and 800 mol mol -1 CO2.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeae0
- Treatment
- high temperaturee6
- Outcome
- above ground biomasse6
- Direction
- highere6
- Value
- 56%, 24%, and 16%e6
- Qualifier
- at [CO 2 ] of 400, 600 and 800 mol mol -1e6
- Comparator
- low temperaturee6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“shoots and roots of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.)”
e6“At high temperature, above ground biomass was 56%, 24%, and 16% higher than at low temperature at [CO 2 ] of 400, 600 and 800 mol mol -1 , respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Pod dry weight of peanut increased with increasing CO2 at 25/15C.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeae0
- Treatment
- increasing [CO 2 ]e7
- Outcome
- Pod dry weighte7
- Direction
- increasede7
- Qualifier
- at 25/15Ce7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“shoots and roots of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.)”
e7“Pod dry weight increased with increasing [CO 2 ] at 25/15C, but was not different among [CO 2 ] levels at 35/25C”
Claim · model-written summary
Pod dry weight of peanut was not different among CO2 levels at 35/25C.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeae0
- Treatment
- [CO 2 ] levelse7
- Outcome
- Pod dry weighte7
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede7
- Qualifier
- at 35/25Ce7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“shoots and roots of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.)”
e7“Pod dry weight increased with increasing [CO 2 ] at 25/15C, but was not different among [CO 2 ] levels at 35/25C”
Claim · model-written summary
At 25/15C, pod dry weight of peanut was 50% higher than at 35/25C.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeae0
- Treatment
- 25/15Ce2
- Outcome
- pod dry weighte2
- Direction
- highere2
- Value
- 50%e2
- Comparator
- 35/ 25Ce2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“shoots and roots of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.)”
e2“At 25/15C, pod dry weight was 50% higher than at 35/ 25C”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing temperature from 25/15C to 35/25C reduced peanut pod dry weight by 40%, 53% and 54% at 400, 600 and 800 mol mol -1 CO2.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeae0
- Treatment
- increased from 25/15C to 35/25Ce2
- Outcome
- pod dry weighte2
- Direction
- reducede2
- Value
- 40% at 400, 53% at 600, and 54% at 800e2
- Comparator
- 25/15Ce2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“shoots and roots of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.)”
e2“As the temperature increased from 25/15C to 35/25C, pod dry weight was reduced by 40% at 400, 53% at 600, and 54% at 800 mol mol -1 CO 2”
Claim · model-written summary
High temperature produced more peanut root length in the containers, whereas low temperature did so in the rhizotrons.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeae0
- Treatment
- High temperaturee2
- Outcome
- root lengthe2
- Direction
- moree2
- Qualifier
- in the containers, whereas low temperature did in the rhizotronse2
- Comparator
- low temperaturee2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“shoots and roots of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.)”
e2“High temperature produced more root length in the containers, whereas low temperature did in the rhizotrons”
Claim · model-written summary
Temperature and CO2 interacted significantly in their effects on peanut main stem length and above ground biomass.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeae0
- Treatment
- between temperature and [CO 2 ]e2
- Outcome
- main stem length and above ground biomasse2
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“shoots and roots of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.)”
e2“There were significant interactions between temperature and [CO 2 ] for their effects on main stem length and above ground biomass”
Claim · model-written summary
High temperature enhanced growth of peanut shoots and roots.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeae0
- Treatment
- High temperaturee2
- Outcome
- growth of shoots and rootse2
- Direction
- enhancede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“shoots and roots of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.)”
e2“High temperature enhanced growth of shoots and roots”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 did not interact with higher temperature on peanut reproductive growth.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeae0
- Treatment
- elevated [CO 2 ] with higher temperaturee2
- Outcome
- reproductive growthe2
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“shoots and roots of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.)”
e2“There was no interaction of elevated [CO 2 ] with higher temperature on the reproductive growth”
Claim · model-written summary
A temperature by CO2 interaction tended to be beneficial for peanut vegetative growth and total shoot dry weight, without statistical significance.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeae0
- Treatment
- temperature by [CO 2 ] interactione2
- Outcome
- vegetative growth and total shoot dry weighte2
- Direction
- increaseinferrede2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“shoots and roots of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.)”
e2“a tendency for beneficial temperature by [CO 2 ] interaction on vegetative growth and total shoot dry weight”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors state that the negative effect of high temperature on peanut reproductive growth overwhelmed the beneficial effects of increased CO2 on photosynthesis and growth.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeae0
- Treatment
- high temperaturee2
- Outcome
- reproductive growthe2
- Direction
- negativee2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“shoots and roots of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.)”
e2“The beneficial effects of increased [CO 2 ] on photosynthesis and growth were overwhelmed by the negative effect of high temperature on reproductive growth”
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See all 12 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.