Abstract
The objective of this study was to assess the importance of stay-green on grain yield under heat and combined heat and drought stress and to identify the associated vegetative indices allowing higher throughput in order to facilitate the identification of climate resilient germplasm. Hybrids of tropical and subtropical adaptation were evaluated under heat and combined heat and drought stress in 2014 and 2015. Five weekly measurements with an airplane mounted multispectral camera starting at anthesis were used to estimate the area under the curve (AUC) for vegetation indices during that period; the indices were compared to the AUC (AUCSEN) for three visual senescence scores taken two, four, and six weeks after flowering and a novel stay-green trait (AUC for stay-green; AUCSG) derived from AUCSEN by correcting for the flowering date. Heat and combined heat and drought stress reduced grain yield by 53% and 82% (relative to non-stress trials reported elsewhere) for trials carried out in 2014 and 2015, respectively, going along with lower AUCSG in 2014. The AUCSG was consistently correlated with grain yield across trials and years, reaching correlation coefficients of 0.55 and 0.56 for 2014 and 2015, respectively. The AUC for different vegetative indices, AUCNDVI (rgGY = 0.62; rgAUCSG = 0.72), AUCHBSI (rgGY = 0.64; rgAUCSG = 0.71), AUCGRE (rgGY = 0.57; rgAUCSG = 0.61), and AUCCWMI (rgGY = 0.63; rgAUCSG = 0.75), were associated with grain yield and stay-green across experiments and years. Due to its good correlation with grain yield and stay-green across environments, we propose AUCNDVI for use as an indicator for stay-green and a long grain filling. The trait AUCNDVI can be used in addition to grain yield to identify climate-resilient germplasm in tropical and subtropical regions to increase food security in a changing climate.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Heat and combined heat and drought stress reduced maize grain yield by 53% and 82% relative to non-stress trials in 2014 and 2015.
- Treatment
- Heat and combined heat and drought stresse1
- Outcome
- grain yielde1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Value
- 53% and 82%e1
- Comparator
- non-stress trialse1
- Setting
- 2014 and 2015e1
Zea maysOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“to Breed Maize Adapted to Heat and Combined Heat-Drought Stresses”
e1“Heat and combined heat and drought stress reduced grain yield by 53% and 82% (relative to non-stress trials reported elsewhere) for trials carried out in 2014 and 2015, respectively, going along with lower AUCSG in 2014”
Claim · model-written summary
Heat and combined heat and drought stress went along with lower AUCSG in 2014.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“to Breed Maize Adapted to Heat and Combined Heat-Drought Stresses”
e1“Heat and combined heat and drought stress reduced grain yield by 53% and 82% (relative to non-stress trials reported elsewhere) for trials carried out in 2014 and 2015, respectively, going along with lower AUCSG in 2014”
Claim · model-written summary
AUCSG was consistently correlated with grain yield across trials and years (r = 0.55 and 0.56 in 2014 and 2015).
- Outcome
- grain yielde2
- Direction
- increaseinferrede2
- Value
- 0.55 and 0.56e2
- Qualifier
- across trials and yearse2
- Setting
- 2014 and 2015e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“to Breed Maize Adapted to Heat and Combined Heat-Drought Stresses”
e2“The AUCSG was consistently correlated with grain yield across trials and years, reaching correlation coefficients of 0.55 and 0.56 for 2014 and 2015, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
AUCNDVI was associated with grain yield and stay-green across experiments and years (rgGY = 0.62; rgAUCSG = 0.72).
- Outcome
- grain yielde7
- Direction
- increaseinferrede7
- Value
- rgGY = 0.62; rgAUCSG = 0.72e3
- Setting
- across experiments and yearse7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“to Breed Maize Adapted to Heat and Combined Heat-Drought Stresses”
e3“AUCNDVI (rgGY = 0.62; rgAUCSG = 0.72)”
e7“were associated with grain yield and stay-green across experiments and years”
Claim · model-written summary
AUCHBSI was associated with grain yield and stay-green across experiments and years (rgGY = 0.64; rgAUCSG = 0.71).
- Outcome
- grain yielde7
- Direction
- increaseinferrede7
- Value
- rgGY = 0.64; rgAUCSG = 0.71e4
- Setting
- across experiments and yearse7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“to Breed Maize Adapted to Heat and Combined Heat-Drought Stresses”
e4“AUCHBSI (rgGY = 0.64; rgAUCSG = 0.71)”
e7“were associated with grain yield and stay-green across experiments and years”
Claim · model-written summary
AUCGRE was associated with grain yield and stay-green across experiments and years (rgGY = 0.57; rgAUCSG = 0.61).
- Outcome
- grain yielde7
- Direction
- increaseinferrede7
- Value
- rgGY = 0.57; rgAUCSG = 0.61e5
- Setting
- across experiments and yearse7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“to Breed Maize Adapted to Heat and Combined Heat-Drought Stresses”
e5“AUCGRE (rgGY = 0.57; rgAUCSG = 0.61)”
e7“were associated with grain yield and stay-green across experiments and years”
Claim · model-written summary
AUCCWMI was associated with grain yield and stay-green across experiments and years (rgGY = 0.63; rgAUCSG = 0.75).
- Outcome
- grain yielde7
- Direction
- increaseinferrede7
- Value
- rgGY = 0.63; rgAUCSG = 0.75e6
- Setting
- across experiments and yearse7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“to Breed Maize Adapted to Heat and Combined Heat-Drought Stresses”
e6“AUCCWMI (rgGY = 0.63; rgAUCSG = 0.75)”
e7“were associated with grain yield and stay-green across experiments and years”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors propose AUCNDVI as an indicator for stay-green in maize breeding.
- Outcome
- indicator for stay-greene4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“to Breed Maize Adapted to Heat and Combined Heat-Drought Stresses”
e4“we propose AUCNDVI for use as an indicator for stay-green”
Claim · model-written summary
AUCNDVI can be used with grain yield to identify climate-resilient maize germplasm.
- Outcome
- identify climate-resilient germplasme5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“to Breed Maize Adapted to Heat and Combined Heat-Drought Stresses”
e5“can be used in addition to grain yield to identify climate-resilient germplasm”
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