Abstract
Kale originates from the eastern Mediterranean and Asia Minor, being cultivated worldwide and is considered as global cash crop to high nutrients as well as cold tolerance in the fall, winter, and spring. Although kale production is gradually increasing, there is limited research on physiological and metabolism changes by different levels of irrigation. Here, we comprehensively investigated yield, metabolism, and physiological changes by different levels of precision irrigation based on soil moisture sensor. Kales were grown at three different levels of volumetric water content (VWC) which included 0.15, 0.25, or 0.35 m3 m3, corresponding to well-watered, intermediate drought, and drought stressed conditions. There was a 22.5% increase in fresh weight when comparing the 0.15 to 0.35 m3 m3 VWC treatments. Leaf transpiration (E), net CO2 assimilation rate (A), intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci), tand stomatal conductance (gs) to water vapor were significantly different between 0.15 and 0.35 m3 m3 VWC treatments. The carotenoids neoxanthin and antheraxanthin were significantly decreased when comparing the 0.15 to 0.35 m3 m3 VWC treatments. Additionally, aspartic acid and glutamate were highest concentration at 0.35 VWC, implying well-watered condition has a high assimilation capacity from nitrate and ammonium in the kale plant leaf tissue. Glycine, histidine, proline, fructose, and glucose were increased as VWC decreased, indicating that these metabolites are indicators of drought stress. Linoleic acid, and the glucosinolates glucoiberin, progoitrin, sinigrin, and total phenolic content were the highest concentration in the 0.25 m3 m3 VWC, indicating moderate drought stress may increase these specific metabolites. From the pathway analysis, drought stress significantly increased alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism and glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism. Deficit irrigation that induce drought stress impacted kale plants by decreasing physiological (A, E, and gs) parameters and metabolite (carotenoids, chlorophylls) concentrations, while increase stress induced metabolites such as proline and glutamate. Thus, this study utilized a comprehensive research methodology that connects morphophysiological and biochemical metabolite information and demonstrates how kale plants may integrate growth in drought conditions.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Fresh weight differed by 22.5% between 0.15 and 0.35 m3 m3 VWC treatments.
- Taxon
- Kales
Brassica oleracea var. viridise0 - Treatment
- 0.15e0
- Outcome
- fresh weighte1
- Direction
- increasee1
- Value
- 22.5%e1
- Comparator
- 0.35 m3 m3 VWC treatmentse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Kales were grown at three different levels of volumetric water content (VWC) which included 0.15, 0.25, or 0.35 m3 m3”
e1“There was a 22.5% increase in fresh weight when comparing the 0.15 to 0.35 m3 m3 VWC treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf transpiration, assimilation, intercellular CO2 and stomatal conductance differed significantly between 0.15 and 0.35 VWC.
- Taxon
- KalesBrassica oleracea var. viridise0
- Treatment
- 0.15e1
- Outcome
- Leaf transpiration (E), net CO2 assimilation rate (A), intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci)e1
- Comparator
- 0.35 m3 m3 VWC treatmentse1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Kales were grown at three different levels of volumetric water content (VWC) which included 0.15, 0.25, or 0.35 m3 m3”
e1“Leaf transpiration (E), net CO2 assimilation rate (A), intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci), tand stomatal conductance (gs) to water vapor were significantly different between 0.15 and 0.35 m3 m3 VWC treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Neoxanthin and antheraxanthin decreased significantly between the 0.15 and 0.35 VWC treatments.
- Taxon
- KalesBrassica oleracea var. viridise0
- Treatment
- 0.15e1
- Outcome
- neoxanthin and antheraxanthine1
- Direction
- decreasede1
- Comparator
- 0.35 m3 m3 VWC treatmentse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Kales were grown at three different levels of volumetric water content (VWC) which included 0.15, 0.25, or 0.35 m3 m3”
e1“The carotenoids neoxanthin and antheraxanthin were significantly decreased when comparing the 0.15 to 0.35 m3 m3 VWC treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Aspartic acid and glutamate concentrations were highest at 0.35 VWC.
- Taxon
- kaleBrassica oleracea var. viridise0
- Treatment
- 0.35 VWCe1
- Outcome
- aspartic acid and glutamatee1
- Direction
- higheste1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“kale plant leaf tissue”
e1“aspartic acid and glutamate were highest concentration at 0.35 VWC”
Claim · model-written summary
Glycine, histidine and proline increased as VWC decreased.
- Taxon
- kaleBrassica oleracea var. viridise0
- Treatment
- VWCe1
- Outcome
- Glycine, histidine, prolinee1
- Direction
- increasede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“kale plant leaf tissue”
e1“Glycine, histidine, proline, fructose, and glucose were increased as VWC decreased”
Claim · model-written summary
Fructose and glucose increased as VWC decreased.
- Taxon
- kaleBrassica oleracea var. viridise0
- Treatment
- VWCe1
- Outcome
- fructose, and glucosee1
- Direction
- increasede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“kale plant leaf tissue”
e1“Glycine, histidine, proline, fructose, and glucose were increased as VWC decreased”
Claim · model-written summary
Linoleic acid and glucoiberin concentrations were highest at 0.25 VWC.
- Taxon
- kaleBrassica oleracea var. viridise0
- Treatment
- 0.25 m3 m3 VWCe1
- Outcome
- Linoleic acid, and the glucosinolates glucoiberine1
- Direction
- higheste1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“impacted kale plants by decreasing physiological (A, E, and gs) parameters and metabolite (carotenoids, chlorophylls) concentrations”
e1“Linoleic acid, and the glucosinolates glucoiberin, progoitrin, sinigrin, and total phenolic content were the highest concentration in the 0.25 m3 m3 VWC”
Claim · model-written summary
Progoitrin, sinigrin and total phenolic content were highest at 0.25 VWC.
- Taxon
- kaleBrassica oleracea var. viridise0
- Treatment
- 0.25 m3 m3 VWCe1
- Outcome
- progoitrin, sinigrin, and total phenolic contente1
- Direction
- higheste1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“impacted kale plants by decreasing physiological (A, E, and gs) parameters and metabolite (carotenoids, chlorophylls) concentrations”
e1“Linoleic acid, and the glucosinolates glucoiberin, progoitrin, sinigrin, and total phenolic content were the highest concentration in the 0.25 m3 m3 VWC”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought stress increased alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism.
- Taxon
- kaleBrassica oleracea var. viridise0
- Treatment
- drought stresse1
- Outcome
- alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolisme1
- Direction
- increasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“impacted kale plants by decreasing physiological (A, E, and gs) parameters and metabolite (carotenoids, chlorophylls) concentrations”
e1“drought stress significantly increased alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought stress increased glycine, serine and threonine metabolism.
- Taxon
- kaleBrassica oleracea var. viridise0
- Treatment
- drought stresse1
- Outcome
- glycine, serine, and threonine metabolisme1
- Direction
- increasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“impacted kale plants by decreasing physiological (A, E, and gs) parameters and metabolite (carotenoids, chlorophylls) concentrations”
e1“drought stress significantly increased alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism and glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism”
Claim · model-written summary
Deficit irrigation decreased assimilation, transpiration and stomatal conductance.
- Taxon
- kale plantsBrassica oleracea var. viridise0
- Treatment
- Deficit irrigatione1
- Outcome
- physiological (A, E, and gs) parameterse1
- Direction
- decreasinge1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“impacted kale plants by decreasing physiological (A, E, and gs) parameters and metabolite (carotenoids, chlorophylls) concentrations”
e1“Deficit irrigation that induce drought stress impacted kale plants by decreasing physiological (A, E, and gs) parameters”
Claim · model-written summary
Deficit irrigation decreased carotenoid and chlorophyll concentrations.
- Taxon
- kale plantsBrassica oleracea var. viridise0
- Outcome
- metabolite (carotenoids, chlorophylls) concentrationse1
- Direction
- decreasinge1
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“impacted kale plants by decreasing physiological (A, E, and gs) parameters and metabolite (carotenoids, chlorophylls) concentrations”
e1“by decreasing physiological (A, E, and gs) parameters and metabolite (carotenoids, chlorophylls) concentrations”
Claim · model-written summary
Deficit irrigation increased proline and glutamate.
- Taxon
- kale plantsBrassica oleracea var. viridise0
- Treatment
- Deficit irrigatione0
- Outcome
- proline and glutamatee0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Deficit irrigation that induce drought stress impacted kale plants by decreasing physiological (A, E, and gs) parameters and metabolite (carotenoids, chlorophylls) concentrations, while increase stress induced metabolites such as proline and glutamate”
The same questions in other papers
irrigation · physiology: gas exchange · Brassica oleracea (wild cabbage)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- negative
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.