Abstract
In this study, a soil culture experiment was set up in barrels to investigate the effect of waterlogging duration at different growth stages on the growth, yield, and quality of cotton in the Huang-Huai Region of China during summer. The experiment was conducted at four growth stages of cotton (seedling, squaring, flowering, and boll opening), and the waterlogging duration at each stage was set to five levels (2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 d) and the waterlogging depth was 5cm. Twenty different treatment combinations were established, and one group without waterlogging throughout the whole growth period was used as the control (CK). The results showed that the waterlogging treatments at the different growth stages reduced the morphological and yield parameters of the cotton plants as well as the physiological parameters of the cotton leaves, and the extent of the reduction in these parameters increased with the extension of the waterlogging duration. The effect of waterlogging at different growth stages on the cotton decreased in the order of the flowering, squaring, seedling, and boll-opening stages, and the highest yield reduction rates for the four stages were 38.8%, 27.9%, 18.3%, and 7.6% respectively. Additionally, waterlogging decreased the quality parameters of cotton such as the upper-half mean length, uniformity index, micronaire value, elongation, yellowness, and lint percentage at the squaring, flowering, and boll-opening stages. Furthermore, at the seedling stage waterlogging for no more than 6 d allowed the morphological and yield parameters to recover in the boll-opening stage upon timely drainage, and these parameters showed no significant decreases compared with the CK level. The critical duration of waterlogging at the squaring stage was 4 d. However, at the flowering stage, even 2 d of waterlogging could lead to the stagnation of morphological development and prevent the recovery of the cotton yield to the CK level. Therefore, when waterlogging disasters occur in cotton fields, the implementation of appropriate surface and subsurface drainage schemes for the different growth stages is needed as soon as possible to mitigate the damage.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Waterlogging reduced cotton morphological parameters, with greater reductions at longer durations.
- Taxon
- cotton
Gossypium hirsutume0 - Treatment
- waterlogging treatmentse0
- Outcome
- morphological and yield parameterse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- increased with the extension of the waterlogging duratione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“waterlogging treatments at the different growth stages reduced the morphological and yield parameters of the cotton plants as well as the physiological parameters of the cotton leaves, and the extent of the reduction in these parameters increased with the extension of the waterlogging duration”
Claim · model-written summary
Waterlogging reduced cotton yield parameters increasingly with duration.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- waterlogging treatmentse0
- Outcome
- yield parameterse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- increased with the extension of the waterlogging duratione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“waterlogging treatments at the different growth stages reduced the morphological and yield parameters of the cotton plants as well as the physiological parameters of the cotton leaves, and the extent of the reduction in these parameters increased with the extension of the waterlogging duration”
Claim · model-written summary
Waterlogging reduced cotton leaf physiological parameters increasingly with duration.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- waterlogging treatmentse0
- Outcome
- physiological parameters of the cotton leavese0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- increased with the extension of the waterlogging duratione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“waterlogging treatments at the different growth stages reduced the morphological and yield parameters of the cotton plants as well as the physiological parameters of the cotton leaves, and the extent of the reduction in these parameters increased with the extension of the waterlogging duration”
Claim · model-written summary
Flowering-stage waterlogging had the greatest yield reduction, 38.8%.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- floweringe0
- Outcome
- yield reduction ratese0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 38.8%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“cotton decreased in the order of the flowering, squaring, seedling, and boll-opening stages, and the highest yield reduction rates for the four stages were 38.8%, 27.9%, 18.3%, and 7.6% respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Squaring-stage waterlogging had a maximum yield reduction of 27.9%.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- squaringe0
- Outcome
- yield reduction ratese0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 27.9%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“cotton decreased in the order of the flowering, squaring, seedling, and boll-opening stages, and the highest yield reduction rates for the four stages were 38.8%, 27.9%, 18.3%, and 7.6% respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Seedling-stage waterlogging had a maximum yield reduction of 18.3%.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- seedlinge0
- Outcome
- yield reduction ratese0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 18.3%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“cotton decreased in the order of the flowering, squaring, seedling, and boll-opening stages, and the highest yield reduction rates for the four stages were 38.8%, 27.9%, 18.3%, and 7.6% respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Boll-opening-stage waterlogging had a maximum yield reduction of 7.6%.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- boll-openinge0
- Outcome
- yield reduction ratese0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 7.6%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“cotton decreased in the order of the flowering, squaring, seedling, and boll-opening stages, and the highest yield reduction rates for the four stages were 38.8%, 27.9%, 18.3%, and 7.6% respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Waterlogging at squaring, flowering and boll-opening reduced cotton upper-half mean length, uniformity index and micronaire value.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Organ / stage
- squaring, flowering, and boll-opening stagese0
- Treatment
- waterlogginge0
- Outcome
- upper-half mean length, uniformity index, micronaire valuee0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“waterlogging decreased the quality parameters of cotton such as the upper-half mean length, uniformity index, micronaire value, elongation, yellowness, and lint percentage at the squaring, flowering, and boll-opening stages”
Claim · model-written summary
Waterlogging at squaring, flowering and boll-opening reduced cotton elongation, yellowness and lint percentage.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Organ / stage
- squaring, flowering, and boll-opening stagese0
- Treatment
- waterlogginge0
- Outcome
- elongation, yellowness, and lint percentagee0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“waterlogging decreased the quality parameters of cotton such as the upper-half mean length, uniformity index, micronaire value, elongation, yellowness, and lint percentage at the squaring, flowering, and boll-opening stages”
Claim · model-written summary
After up to 6 d seedling-stage waterlogging and timely drainage, morphological and yield parameters recovered by boll opening without significant decreases versus CK.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- waterlogging for no more than 6 de1
- Outcome
- morphological and yield parameterse1
- Direction
- no significant decreasese1
- Qualifier
- upon timely drainagee1
- Comparator
- CK levele1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“quality of cotton in the Huang-Huai Region”
e1“at the seedling stage waterlogging for no more than 6 d allowed the morphological and yield parameters to recover in the boll-opening stage upon timely drainage, and these parameters showed no significant decreases compared with the CK level”
Claim · model-written summary
The critical waterlogging duration at squaring was 4 d.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Organ / stage
- squaring stagee1
- Treatment
- waterlogginge1
- Outcome
- critical duration of waterlogginge1
- Value
- 4 de1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“quality of cotton in the Huang-Huai Region”
e1“The critical duration of waterlogging at the squaring stage was 4 d”
Claim · model-written summary
Two days of flowering-stage waterlogging stagnated cotton morphological development.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- 2 d of waterlogginge1
- Outcome
- stagnation of morphological developmente1
- Comparator
- CK levele1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“quality of cotton in the Huang-Huai Region”
e1“at the flowering stage, even 2 d of waterlogging could lead to the stagnation of morphological development and prevent the recovery of the cotton yield to the CK level”
Claim · model-written summary
Two days of flowering-stage waterlogging prevented cotton yield recovery to CK.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- 2 d of waterlogginge1
- Outcome
- recovery of the cotton yielde1
- Direction
- prevente1
- Comparator
- CK levele1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“quality of cotton in the Huang-Huai Region”
e1“at the flowering stage, even 2 d of waterlogging could lead to the stagnation of morphological development and prevent the recovery of the cotton yield to the CK level”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend prompt stage-specific surface and subsurface drainage after cotton waterlogging.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Outcome
- implementation of appropriate surface and subsurface drainage schemese0
- Qualifier
- as soon as possiblee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“when waterlogging disasters occur in cotton fields, the implementation of appropriate surface and subsurface drainage schemes for the different growth stages is needed as soon as possible to mitigate the damage”
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