Abstract
Abstract Petroleum‐derived spray oils ( PDSO ) are widely used and recommended in many integrate pest management programmes and in organic agriculture against several pests. However, there are numerous discrepancies in their efficacy against pests and, more interestingly, in their side effects on natural enemies. In the present study, we used the citrus key pest A onidiella aurantii M askell ( H emiptera: D iaspididae) and its main parasitoid A phytis melinus DeBach ( H ymenoptera: A phelinedae) as models to evaluate both the lethal and sublethal effects of four commercial PDSO on different instars of the herbivore, as well as on the adult and immature stages of the parasitoid. The four PDSOs displayed similarly high mortalities against young instars of A . aurantii . However, most adult females survived all PDSO applications, and the fecundity of the surviving females was not altered. PDSOs were harmless to the parasitoid A . melinus because the survival (acute toxicity), longevity and fecundity of the surviving adults (sublethal effects) were not affected. Similarly, immature emergence was not affected by any of the four PDSOs after spraying the parasitized hosts. Overall, the results of the present study confirm the environmental‐friendly profile of PDSOs against natural enemies and demonstrate a similar performance for PDSO s when they were correctly sprayed under the same conditions.
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Claims 6
Claim · model-written summary
Four spray oils caused similarly high mortality in young A. aurantii instars.
CitrusNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The four PDSOs displayed similarly high mortalities against young instars of A . aurantii .”
e1“the citrus key pest A onidiella aurantii M askell ( H emiptera: D iaspididae) and its main parasitoid A phytis melinus DeBach”
e2“The four PDSOs displayed similarly high mortalities against young instars of A . aurantii . However, most adult females survived all PDSO applications, and the fecundity of the surviving females was not altered. PDSOs were harmless to the parasitoid A . melinus”
Claim · model-written summary
Most adult female A. aurantii survived all spray oil applications.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“However, most adult females survived all PDSO applications”
e1“the citrus key pest A onidiella aurantii M askell ( H emiptera: D iaspididae) and its main parasitoid A phytis melinus DeBach”
e2“The four PDSOs displayed similarly high mortalities against young instars of A . aurantii . However, most adult females survived all PDSO applications, and the fecundity of the surviving females was not altered. PDSOs were harmless to the parasitoid A . melinus”
Claim · model-written summary
Fecundity of surviving A. aurantii females was not altered.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the fecundity of the surviving females was not altered”
e1“the citrus key pest A onidiella aurantii M askell ( H emiptera: D iaspididae) and its main parasitoid A phytis melinus DeBach”
e2“The four PDSOs displayed similarly high mortalities against young instars of A . aurantii . However, most adult females survived all PDSO applications, and the fecundity of the surviving females was not altered. PDSOs were harmless to the parasitoid A . melinus”
Claim · model-written summary
Spray oils did not affect survival, longevity or fecundity of adult A. melinus.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PDSOs were harmless to the parasitoid A . melinus because the survival (acute toxicity), longevity and fecundity of the surviving adults (sublethal effects) were not affected.”
e1“the citrus key pest A onidiella aurantii M askell ( H emiptera: D iaspididae) and its main parasitoid A phytis melinus DeBach”
e2“The four PDSOs displayed similarly high mortalities against young instars of A . aurantii . However, most adult females survived all PDSO applications, and the fecundity of the surviving females was not altered. PDSOs were harmless to the parasitoid A . melinus”
Claim · model-written summary
No spray oil affected immature parasitoid emergence after parasitized hosts were sprayed.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“immature emergence was not affected by any of the four PDSOs after spraying the parasitized hosts”
e1“the citrus key pest A onidiella aurantii M askell ( H emiptera: D iaspididae) and its main parasitoid A phytis melinus DeBach”
e2“The four PDSOs displayed similarly high mortalities against young instars of A . aurantii . However, most adult females survived all PDSO applications, and the fecundity of the surviving females was not altered. PDSOs were harmless to the parasitoid A . melinus”
Claim · model-written summary
The four spray oils performed similarly when sprayed under the same conditions.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“demonstrate a similar performance for PDSO s when they were correctly sprayed under the same conditions”
e1“the citrus key pest A onidiella aurantii M askell ( H emiptera: D iaspididae) and its main parasitoid A phytis melinus DeBach”
e2“The four PDSOs displayed similarly high mortalities against young instars of A . aurantii . However, most adult females survived all PDSO applications, and the fecundity of the surviving females was not altered. PDSOs were harmless to the parasitoid A . melinus”
The same questions in other papers
application · pest · CitrusPositive and negative results
7 papers in the same direction as this paper · 11 in the opposite direction
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See all 19 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.