Abstract
Cardoon (Cynara cardunculus L.) is a perennial crop, particularly adapted to the Mediterranean environment with a very intensive growth in autumn and winter and seed ripening in summer. The crop is able to accumulate heavy metals from polluted soils and thus it seems to tolerate this stress. Up to now, there are no studies on seed germination and emergence of cardoon seedlings under heavy metal stresses. For this reason, the aim of this study was to evaluate the possibility to use cardoon for the phytoremediation of metal-contaminated soils. Thus three cardoon accessions, two wild populations and one domestic cardoon, were compared in order to evaluate the germination and seedling emergence under cadmium (Cd) and arsenic (As) stresses. The experiments were conducted using a completely randomized block design with five replications and four different concentrations of Cd and As (10, 50, 100 and 200 µM) and Cd+As (10+10, 50+50, 100+100 and 200+200 µM). The seeds were incubated in Agar medium supplemented with Cd and As standard solutions under controlled environmental conditions, in a growth chamber 12/12 h light/dark cycle at 25/15°C. The agar medium allowed to evaluate the heavy metal effects on seed germination and seedlings growth. The percentage of seeds germination, under Cd or Cd+As stresses was similar to the control under no heavy metals (80-90%). Instead, germination percentage decreased with the increasing of As concentration in the medium (80% at 10 and 50 µM; 60% at 100 µM; 30% at 200 µM). We also report that high concentrations of As, even in combination with Cd, stopped the radicle emergence from the germinated seed. At low concentration of As and for all concentrations of Cd we observed a reduction of the seedling growth from 20% in low concentration of Cd (10 and 50 µM) to 50% in high concentration of Cd (100-200 µM) and low concentration of As and Cd+As. These results showed that the three cardoon genotypes have a good tolerance to Cd; while the As tolerance is higher when combined with Cd.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Germination percentage of cardoon seeds under Cd or Cd+As stress was similar to the no-metal control (80-90%).
- Taxon
- Cardoon (Cynara cardunculus L.)
Cynara cardunculuse0 - Treatment
- Cd or Cd+As stressese1
- Outcome
- percentage of seeds germinatione1
- Direction
- similare1
- Value
- 80-90%e1
- Comparator
- control under no heavy metalse1
- Setting
- growth chambere2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cardoon (Cynara cardunculus L.)”
e1“The percentage of seeds germination, under Cd or Cd+As stresses was similar to the control under no heavy metals (80-90%)”
e2“under controlled environmental conditions, in a growth chamber”
Claim · model-written summary
Cardoon germination percentage decreased with increasing As concentration, reaching 80% at 10 and 50 µM.
- Taxon
- Cardoon (Cynara cardunculus L.)Cynara cardunculuse0
- Treatment
- increasing of As concentration in the mediume3
- Outcome
- germination percentagee3
- Direction
- decreasede3
- Value
- 80%e3
- Qualifier
- at 10 and 50 µMe3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cardoon (Cynara cardunculus L.)”
e3“germination percentage decreased with the increasing of As concentration in the medium (80% at 10 and 50 µM; 60% at 100 µM; 30% at 200 µM)”
Claim · model-written summary
Cardoon germination percentage decreased with increasing As concentration, reaching 60% at 100 µM.
- Taxon
- Cardoon (Cynara cardunculus L.)Cynara cardunculuse0
- Treatment
- increasing of As concentration in the mediume3
- Outcome
- germination percentagee3
- Direction
- decreasede3
- Value
- 60%e3
- Qualifier
- 100 µMe3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cardoon (Cynara cardunculus L.)”
e3“germination percentage decreased with the increasing of As concentration in the medium (80% at 10 and 50 µM; 60% at 100 µM; 30% at 200 µM)”
Claim · model-written summary
Cardoon germination percentage decreased with increasing As concentration, reaching 30% at 200 µM.
- Taxon
- Cardoon (Cynara cardunculus L.)Cynara cardunculuse0
- Treatment
- increasing of As concentration in the mediume3
- Outcome
- germination percentagee3
- Direction
- decreasede3
- Value
- 30%e3
- Qualifier
- 200 µMe3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cardoon (Cynara cardunculus L.)”
e3“germination percentage decreased with the increasing of As concentration in the medium (80% at 10 and 50 µM; 60% at 100 µM; 30% at 200 µM)”
Claim · model-written summary
High As concentrations, alone or combined with Cd, stopped radicle emergence from germinated cardoon seeds.
- Taxon
- Cardoon (Cynara cardunculus L.)Cynara cardunculuse0
- Treatment
- high concentrations of As, even in combination with Cde4
- Outcome
- radicle emergence from the germinated seede4
- Direction
- stoppede4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cardoon (Cynara cardunculus L.)”
e4“We also report that high concentrations of As, even in combination with Cd, stopped the radicle emergence from the germinated seed”
Claim · model-written summary
Low Cd concentrations reduced cardoon seedling growth by 20%.
- Taxon
- Cardoon (Cynara cardunculus L.)Cynara cardunculuse0
- Treatment
- low concentration of Cde5
- Outcome
- seedling growthe5
- Direction
- reductione5
- Value
- 20%e5
- Qualifier
- 10 and 50 µMe5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cardoon (Cynara cardunculus L.)”
e5“At low concentration of As and for all concentrations of Cd we observed a reduction of the seedling growth from 20% in low concentration of Cd (10 and 50 µM) to 50% in high concentration of Cd (100-200 µM) and low concentration of As and Cd+As”
Claim · model-written summary
High Cd concentrations reduced cardoon seedling growth by 50%.
- Taxon
- Cardoon (Cynara cardunculus L.)Cynara cardunculuse0
- Treatment
- high concentration of Cde5
- Outcome
- seedling growthe5
- Direction
- reductione5
- Value
- 50%e5
- Qualifier
- 100-200 µMe5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cardoon (Cynara cardunculus L.)”
e5“At low concentration of As and for all concentrations of Cd we observed a reduction of the seedling growth from 20% in low concentration of Cd (10 and 50 µM) to 50% in high concentration of Cd (100-200 µM) and low concentration of As and Cd+As”
Claim · model-written summary
Low As concentrations, alone or with Cd, reduced cardoon seedling growth.
- Taxon
- Cardoon (Cynara cardunculus L.)Cynara cardunculuse0
- Treatment
- low concentration of Ase5
- Outcome
- seedling growthe5
- Direction
- reductione5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cardoon (Cynara cardunculus L.)”
e5“At low concentration of As and for all concentrations of Cd we observed a reduction of the seedling growth from 20% in low concentration of Cd (10 and 50 µM) to 50% in high concentration of Cd (100-200 µM) and low concentration of As and Cd+As”
Claim · model-written summary
The three cardoon genotypes showed good tolerance to Cd.
- Taxon
- cardoonCynara cardunculuse6
- Outcome
- tolerance to Cde6
- Qualifier
- goode6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“These results showed that the three cardoon genotypes have a good tolerance to Cd; while the As tolerance is higher when combined with Cd”
Claim · model-written summary
Arsenic tolerance of cardoon was higher when combined with Cd.
- Taxon
- cardoonCynara cardunculuse6
- Treatment
- combined with Cde6
- Outcome
- As tolerancee6
- Direction
- highere6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“These results showed that the three cardoon genotypes have a good tolerance to Cd; while the As tolerance is higher when combined with Cd”
The same questions in other papers
arsenic atom · growth · Cynara cardunculus (cardoon)Results differ
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- positive
- negative
cadmium atom · growth · Cynara cardunculus (cardoon)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.