Abstract
The relationships between variations in grapevine (Vitis vinifera L. cv. Merlot) fruit zone light exposure and water deficits and the resulting berry flavonoid composition were investigated in a hot climate. The experimental design involved application of mechanical leaf removal (control, pre-bloom, post-fruit set) and differing water deficits (sustained deficit irrigation and regulated deficit irrigation). Flavonol and anthocyanin concentrations were measured by C18 reversed-phased HPLC and increased with pre-bloom leaf removal in 2013, but with post-fruit set leaf removal in 2014. Proanthocyanidin isolates were characterized by acid catalysis in the presence of excess phloroglucinol followed by reversed-phase HPLC. Post-fruit set leaf removal increased total proanthocyanidin concentration in both years, whereas no effect was observed with applied water amounts. Mean degree of polymerization of skin proanthocyanidins increased with post-fruit set leaf removal compared to pre-bloom, whereas water deficit had no effect. Conversion yield was greater with post-fruit set leaf removal. Seed proanthocyanidin concentration was rarely affected by applied treatments. The application of post-fruit set leaf removal, regardless of water deficit. increased the proportion of proanthocyanidins derived from the skin, whereas no leaf removal or pre-bloom leaf removal regardless of water deficit increased the proportion of seed-derived proanthocyanidins. The study provides fundamental information to viticulturists and winemakers on how to manage red wine grape low molecular weight phenolics and polymeric proanthocyanidin composition in a hot climate.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Pre-bloom leaf removal increased flavonol and anthocyanin concentrations in 2013.
- Treatment
- pre-bloom leaf removale0
- Outcome
- Flavonol and anthocyanin concentrationse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- in 2013e0
VitisNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Flavonol and anthocyanin concentrations were measured by C18 reversed-phased HPLC and increased with pre-bloom leaf removal in 2013”
t0“Grapevine”
Claim · model-written summary
Post-fruit set leaf removal increased flavonol and anthocyanin concentrations in 2014.
- Treatment
- post-fruit set leaf removale0
- Outcome
- Flavonol and anthocyanin concentrationse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- in 2014e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Flavonol and anthocyanin concentrations were measured by C18 reversed-phased HPLC and increased with pre-bloom leaf removal in 2013, but with post-fruit set leaf removal in 2014”
t0“Grapevine”
Claim · model-written summary
Post-fruit set leaf removal increased total proanthocyanidin concentration in both years.
- Treatment
- Post-fruit set leaf removale0
- Outcome
- total proanthocyanidin concentratione0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- in both yearse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Post-fruit set leaf removal increased total proanthocyanidin concentration in both years”
t0“Grapevine”
Claim · model-written summary
Applied water amounts had no observed effect on total proanthocyanidin concentration.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“whereas no effect was observed with applied water amounts”
t0“Grapevine”
Claim · model-written summary
Post-fruit set leaf removal increased mean degree of polymerization of skin proanthocyanidins compared with pre-bloom removal.
- Treatment
- post-fruit set leaf removale0
- Outcome
- Mean degree of polymerization of skin proanthocyanidinse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- pre-bloome0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Mean degree of polymerization of skin proanthocyanidins increased with post-fruit set leaf removal compared to pre-bloom”
t0“Grapevine”
Claim · model-written summary
Water deficit had no effect on skin proanthocyanidin mean degree of polymerization.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“whereas water deficit had no effect”
t0“Grapevine”
Claim · model-written summary
Conversion yield was greater with post-fruit set leaf removal.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Conversion yield was greater with post-fruit set leaf removal”
t0“Grapevine”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed proanthocyanidin concentration was rarely affected by treatments.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seed proanthocyanidin concentration was rarely affected by applied treatments”
t0“Grapevine”
Claim · model-written summary
Post-fruit set leaf removal increased the proportion of skin-derived proanthocyanidins regardless of water deficit.
- Treatment
- post-fruit set leaf removale0
- Outcome
- proportion of proanthocyanidins derived from the skine0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- regardless of water deficite0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“post-fruit set leaf removal, regardless of water deficit. increased the proportion of proanthocyanidins derived from the skin”
t0“Grapevine”
Claim · model-written summary
No or pre-bloom leaf removal increased the proportion of seed-derived proanthocyanidins.
- Treatment
- no leaf removal or pre-bloom leaf removale0
- Outcome
- proportion of seed-derived proanthocyanidinse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- regardless of water deficite0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“no leaf removal or pre-bloom leaf removal regardless of water deficit increased the proportion of seed-derived proanthocyanidins”
t0“Grapevine”
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See all 107 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.