Abstract
Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of defoliation frequency (either at two‐ or three‐leaf stage) and nitrogen (N) application rate (0, 75, 150, 300, 450 kg N ha −1 year −1 ) on herbage carbohydrate and crude protein ( CP ) fractions, and the water‐soluble carbohydrate‐to‐protein ratio ( WSC : CP ) in perennial ryegrass swards. Crude protein fractions were analysed according to the Cornell carbohydrate and protein system. Carbohydrate fractions were analysed by ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography. Sward defoliation at two‐leaf stage increased the total CP , reduced the buffer‐soluble CP fractions and decreased carbohydrate fractions of herbage ( P < 0·001). The effect of defoliation frequency was less marked during early spring and autumn ( P < 0·001) than for the rest of the seasons. An increase in N application rate was negatively associated with WSC , fructans and neutral detergent fibre ( P < 0·001), and positively associated with CP and nitrate (N‐ NO 3 ) contents of herbage. Nitrogen application rate did not affect CP fractions of herbage ( P > 0·05). The fluctuations in CP and WSC contents of herbage resulted in lower WSC : CP ratios during early spring and autumn (0·45:1 and 0·75:1 respectively) than in late spring (1·11:1). The herbage WSC : CP ratio was greater ( P < 0·001) at the three‐leaf than the two‐leaf defoliation stage and declined as the N application increased in all seasons ( P < 0·001). The results of this study indicate that CP and carbohydrate fractions of herbage can be manipulated by sward defoliation frequency and N application rate. The magnitude of these effects, however, may vary with the season.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Sward defoliation at two-leaf stage increased total CP of perennial ryegrass herbage.
- Taxon
- perennial ryegrass
Lolium perennet0 - Treatment
- Sward defoliatione1
- Outcome
- total CPe1
- Direction
- increasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in perennial ryegrass”
e1“Sward defoliation at two‐leaf stage increased the total CP , reduced the buffer‐soluble CP fractions and decreased carbohydrate fractions of herbage ( P < 0·001)”
Claim · model-written summary
Sward defoliation at two-leaf stage reduced buffer-soluble CP fractions of perennial ryegrass herbage.
- Taxon
- perennial ryegrassLolium perennet0
- Treatment
- Sward defoliatione1
- Outcome
- CP fractionse1
- Direction
- reducede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in perennial ryegrass”
e1“Sward defoliation at two‐leaf stage increased the total CP , reduced the buffer‐soluble CP fractions and decreased carbohydrate fractions of herbage ( P < 0·001)”
Claim · model-written summary
Sward defoliation at two-leaf stage decreased carbohydrate fractions of perennial ryegrass herbage.
- Taxon
- perennial ryegrassLolium perennet0
- Treatment
- Sward defoliatione1
- Outcome
- carbohydrate fractions of herbagee1
- Direction
- decreasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in perennial ryegrass”
e1“Sward defoliation at two‐leaf stage increased the total CP , reduced the buffer‐soluble CP fractions and decreased carbohydrate fractions of herbage ( P < 0·001)”
Claim · model-written summary
An increase in N application rate was negatively associated with WSC, fructans and neutral detergent fibre of perennial ryegrass herbage.
- Taxon
- perennial ryegrassLolium perennet0
- Treatment
- N application ratee2
- Outcome
- WSC , fructans and neutral detergent fibree2
- Direction
- decreaseinferrede2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in perennial ryegrass”
e2“An increase in N application rate was negatively associated with WSC , fructans and neutral detergent fibre ( P < 0·001)”
Claim · model-written summary
An increase in N application rate was positively associated with CP content of perennial ryegrass herbage.
- Taxon
- perennial ryegrassLolium perennet0
- Treatment
- N application ratee2
- Outcome
- CPe3
- Direction
- increaseinferrede3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in perennial ryegrass”
e2“An increase in N application rate was negatively associated with WSC , fructans and neutral detergent fibre ( P < 0·001)”
e3“and positively associated with CP and nitrate (N‐ NO 3 ) contents of herbage”
Claim · model-written summary
An increase in N application rate was positively associated with nitrate contents of perennial ryegrass herbage.
- Taxon
- perennial ryegrassLolium perennet0
- Treatment
- N application ratee2
- Outcome
- nitrate (N‐ NO 3 ) contentse3
- Direction
- increaseinferrede3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in perennial ryegrass”
e2“An increase in N application rate was negatively associated with WSC , fructans and neutral detergent fibre ( P < 0·001)”
e3“and positively associated with CP and nitrate (N‐ NO 3 ) contents of herbage”
Claim · model-written summary
N application rate did not affect CP fractions of perennial ryegrass herbage.
- Taxon
- perennial ryegrassLolium perennet0
- Treatment
- Nitrogen application ratee4
- Outcome
- CP fractions of herbagee4
- Direction
- did not affecte4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in perennial ryegrass”
e4“Nitrogen application rate did not affect CP fractions of herbage ( P > 0·05)”
Claim · model-written summary
Lower WSC : CP ratios of perennial ryegrass herbage occurred in early spring and autumn than in late spring.
- Taxon
- perennial ryegrassLolium perennet0
- Outcome
- WSC : CP ratiose5
- Direction
- lowere5
- Value
- 0·45:1 and 0·75:1e5
- Setting
- early spring and autumne5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in perennial ryegrass”
e5“The fluctuations in CP and WSC contents of herbage resulted in lower WSC : CP ratios during early spring and autumn (0·45:1 and 0·75:1 respectively) than in late spring (1·11:1)”
Claim · model-written summary
The herbage WSC : CP ratio of perennial ryegrass was greater at the three-leaf than at the two-leaf defoliation stage.
- Taxon
- perennial ryegrassLolium perennet0
- Treatment
- three‐leafe6
- Outcome
- WSC : CP ratioe6
- Direction
- greatere6
- Comparator
- two‐leaf defoliation stagee6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in perennial ryegrass”
e6“The herbage WSC : CP ratio was greater ( P < 0·001) at the three‐leaf than the two‐leaf defoliation stage and declined as the N application increased in all seasons ( P < 0·001)”
Claim · model-written summary
The herbage WSC : CP ratio of perennial ryegrass declined as N application increased in all seasons.
- Taxon
- perennial ryegrassLolium perennet0
- Treatment
- N applicatione6
- Outcome
- WSC : CP ratioe6
- Direction
- declinede6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in perennial ryegrass”
e6“The herbage WSC : CP ratio was greater ( P < 0·001) at the three‐leaf than the two‐leaf defoliation stage and declined as the N application increased in all seasons ( P < 0·001)”
The same questions in other papers
nitrogen · quality: protein · Lolium perenne (perennial ryegrass)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- negative
- no effect
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.