Abstract
Four field experiments were carried out from 2011 to 2014 in order to evaluate the effects of foramsulfuron, applied at the recommended (60.8 g a.i./ha) and reduced doses (1/3 and 2/3), on the efficacy against several of the most important weeds in maize. For each “year-weed” combination, dose-response curves were applied to estimate the dose of foramsulfuron required to obtain 90% and 95% weed control (ED90 and ED95). Foramsulfuron phytotoxicity on maize and crop yield were assessed. Foramsulfuron at 1/3 of the recommended dose (20.3 g a.i./ha) provided 95% efficacy against redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.), green foxtail (Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv.), wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis L.) and black nightshade (Solanum nigrum L.). Velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti Medik.), common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album L.) and barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv.) were satisfactorily controlled (95% weed efficacy) with ED95 ranged from 20 to 50 g/ha of foramsulfuron (about from 1/3 to 5/6 of the recommended dose) depending on growth stage. The recommended dose was effective against pale smartweed (Polygonum lapathifolium L.) at 2-4 true leaves (12-14 BBCH scale), but this dose did not kill plants larger than 2-4 true leaves. The ranking among weed species based on their susceptibility to foramsulfuron was: redroot pigweed = green foxtail = wild mustard = black nightshade > velvetleaf = common lambsquarters = barnyardgrass > pale smartweed. Dose of foramsulfuron can be reduced below recommended dose depending on weed species and growth stage. Foramsulfuron showed a good crop selectivity and had no negative effect on maize yield.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Foramsulfuron at 1/3 of the recommended dose (20.3 g a.i./ha) provided 95% efficacy against redroot pigweed.
- Taxon
- redroot pigweede1
- Treatment
- Foramsulfuron at 1/3 of the recommended dose (20.3 g a.i./ha)e0
- Outcome
- efficacye0
- Value
- 95%e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Verbatim
e0“Foramsulfuron at 1/3 of the recommended dose (20.3 g a.i./ha) provided 95% efficacy against”
e1“redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Foramsulfuron at 1/3 of the recommended dose (20.3 g a.i./ha) provided 95% efficacy against green foxtail.
- Taxon
- green foxtaile1
- Treatment
- Foramsulfuron at 1/3 of the recommended dose (20.3 g a.i./ha)e0
- Outcome
- efficacye0
- Value
- 95%e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Verbatim
e0“Foramsulfuron at 1/3 of the recommended dose (20.3 g a.i./ha) provided 95% efficacy against”
e1“green foxtail (Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Foramsulfuron at 1/3 of the recommended dose (20.3 g a.i./ha) provided 95% efficacy against wild mustard.
- Taxon
- wild mustarde1
- Treatment
- Foramsulfuron at 1/3 of the recommended dose (20.3 g a.i./ha)e0
- Outcome
- efficacye0
- Value
- 95%e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Verbatim
e0“Foramsulfuron at 1/3 of the recommended dose (20.3 g a.i./ha) provided 95% efficacy against”
e1“wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Foramsulfuron at 1/3 of the recommended dose (20.3 g a.i./ha) provided 95% efficacy against black nightshade.
- Taxon
- black nightshade
_Solanum_nigrum_3.jpg?width=60)
Solanum nigrume1 - Treatment
- Foramsulfuron at 1/3 of the recommended dose (20.3 g a.i./ha)e0
- Outcome
- efficacye0
- Value
- 95%e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_Solanum_nigrum_3.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Foramsulfuron at 1/3 of the recommended dose (20.3 g a.i./ha) provided 95% efficacy against”
e1“black nightshade (Solanum nigrum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Velvetleaf was satisfactorily controlled (95% efficacy) with an ED95 of 20 to 50 g/ha of foramsulfuron depending on growth stage.
- Taxon
- Velvetleaf
Abutilon theophrastie1 - Treatment
- foramsulfurone0
- Outcome
- ED95e0
- Value
- 20 to 50 g/hae0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“were satisfactorily controlled (95% weed efficacy) with ED95 ranged from 20 to 50 g/ha of foramsulfuron”
e1“Velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti Medik.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Common lambsquarters was satisfactorily controlled (95% efficacy) with an ED95 of 20 to 50 g/ha of foramsulfuron depending on growth stage.
- Taxon
- common lambsquarters
Chenopodium albume1 - Treatment
- foramsulfurone0
- Outcome
- ED95e0
- Value
- 20 to 50 g/hae0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“were satisfactorily controlled (95% weed efficacy) with ED95 ranged from 20 to 50 g/ha of foramsulfuron”
e1“common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Barnyardgrass was satisfactorily controlled (95% efficacy) with an ED95 of 20 to 50 g/ha of foramsulfuron depending on growth stage.
- Taxon
- barnyardgrass
Echinochloa crus-gallie1 - Treatment
- foramsulfurone0
- Outcome
- ED95e0
- Value
- 20 to 50 g/hae0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“were satisfactorily controlled (95% weed efficacy) with ED95 ranged from 20 to 50 g/ha of foramsulfuron”
e1“barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv.)”
Claim · model-written summary
The recommended foramsulfuron dose was effective against pale smartweed at 2-4 true leaves (12-14 BBCH scale).
- Taxon
- pale smartweede0
- Treatment
- The recommended dosee0
- Outcome
- effectivee0
- Qualifier
- 2-4 true leaves (12-14 BBCH scale)e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Verbatim
e0“The recommended dose was effective against pale smartweed (Polygonum lapathifolium L.) at 2-4 true leaves (12-14 BBCH scale), but this dose did not kill plants larger than 2-4 true leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
The recommended foramsulfuron dose did not kill pale smartweed plants larger than 2-4 true leaves.
- Taxon
- pale smartweede0
- Treatment
- The recommended dosee0
- Outcome
- kille0
- Direction
- did not kille0
- Qualifier
- plants larger than 2-4 true leavese0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“The recommended dose was effective against pale smartweed (Polygonum lapathifolium L.) at 2-4 true leaves (12-14 BBCH scale), but this dose did not kill plants larger than 2-4 true leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
Weed species were ranked by susceptibility to foramsulfuron: redroot pigweed = green foxtail = wild mustard = black nightshade > velvetleaf = common lambsquarters = barnyardgrass > pale smartweed.
Verbatim
e0“The ranking among weed species based on their susceptibility to foramsulfuron was: redroot pigweed = green foxtail = wild mustard = black nightshade > velvetleaf = common lambsquarters = barnyardgrass > pale smartweed”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors conclude that the foramsulfuron dose can be reduced below the recommended dose depending on weed species and growth stage.
Verbatim
e0“Dose of foramsulfuron can be reduced below recommended dose depending on weed species and growth stage”
Claim · model-written summary
Foramsulfuron showed good crop selectivity in maize.
Zea maysNot reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Foramsulfuron showed a good crop selectivity and had no negative effect on maize yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Foramsulfuron had no negative effect on maize yield.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Foramsulfuron showed a good crop selectivity and had no negative effect on maize yield”
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