Abstract
Plants of six contrasting genotypes of barley were raised from vernalized (imbibed at 1 °C for 30 d) or non-vernalized seeds and grown in 12 different controlled environments comprising factorial combinations of three photoperiods (10, 13 and 16 h d−1), two day temperatures (18 and 28 °C) and two night temperatures (5 and 13 °C). Except at longer days for Athenais or Arabi Abiad, the 28 °C day temperature was generally supra-optimal and delayed awn emergence. At lower temperatures and in photoperiods shorter than the critical value, PC, which delay awn emergence, the time from sowing to awn emergence for five of the genotypes conformed to the equation 1/f=a +bT¯+cP where f is the time to awn emergence (d), T¯ is mean diurnal temperature (°C), P is photoperiod (h d−1) and a, b and c are genotype-specific constants. In Arabi Abiad, however, significant responses to temperature were not detected. The low temperature pre-treatment of the seeds reduced the subsequent time to awn emergence in Athenais and the autumn-sown genotypes Ager, Arabi Abiad and Gerbel B, especially in longer days, but either had no effect or tended to delay awn emergence in the spring-sown types Emir and Mona. In the spring-sown types PC was outside the range investigated (i.e. > 16 h d−1), but in Ager it was approx. 13 h d−1 and in Gerbel B just over 13 h d−1. For plants of Arabi Abiad grown from vernalized seeds Pc was almost 15 h, but ≤ 13 h in plants from non-vernalized seeds. In Athenais, whether or not the seeds had been vernalized, PC varied with mean diurnal temperature, from about 12·5 h d−1 at 10 °C to about 15 h d−1 at 20 °C. These results are discussed in relation to field predictions and the development of simple procedures for screening germplasm for sensitivity to temperature and photoperiod.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
A 28 °C day temperature generally delayed awn emergence except under longer days for Athenais or Arabi Abiad.
- Taxon
- barley
.jpg?width=60)
Hordeum vulgaret0 - Treatment
- 28 °C day temperaturee0
- Outcome
- awn emergencee0
- Direction
- delayede0
- Qualifier
- Except at longer days for Athenais or Arabi Abiade0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Except at longer days for Athenais or Arabi Abiad, the 28 °C day temperature was generally supra-optimal and delayed awn emergence.”
t0“Environmental Control of Flowering in Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). II. Rate of Developement as a Function of Temperature and Photoperiod and its Modification by Low-temperature Vernalization”
Claim · model-written summary
At lower temperatures and short photoperiods, time to awn emergence in five barley genotypes followed a genotype-specific temperature and photoperiod equation.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Outcome
- time from sowing to awn emergencee0
- Setting
- lower temperatures and in photoperiods shorter than the critical valuee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At lower temperatures and in photoperiods shorter than the critical value, PC, which delay awn emergence, the time from sowing to awn emergence for five of the genotypes conformed to the equation 1/f=a +bT¯+cP”
t0“Environmental Control of Flowering in Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). II. Rate of Developement as a Function of Temperature and Photoperiod and its Modification by Low-temperature Vernalization”
Claim · model-written summary
Arabi Abiad showed no significant temperature response.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Material
- Arabi Abiade0
- Outcome
- responses to temperaturee0
- Direction
- not detectede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In Arabi Abiad, however, significant responses to temperature were not detected.”
t0“Environmental Control of Flowering in Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). II. Rate of Developement as a Function of Temperature and Photoperiod and its Modification by Low-temperature Vernalization”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed low-temperature pretreatment reduced time to awn emergence in Athenais.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Material
- Athenaise0
- Treatment
- low temperature pre-treatment of the seedse0
- Outcome
- time to awn emergencee0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The low temperature pre-treatment of the seeds reduced the subsequent time to awn emergence in Athenais”
t0“Environmental Control of Flowering in Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). II. Rate of Developement as a Function of Temperature and Photoperiod and its Modification by Low-temperature Vernalization”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed low-temperature pretreatment reduced time to awn emergence in Ager, Arabi Abiad and Gerbel B, especially in longer days.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Material
- Ager, Arabi Abiad and Gerbel Be0
- Treatment
- low temperature pre-treatment of the seedse0
- Outcome
- time to awn emergencee0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- especially in longer dayse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The low temperature pre-treatment of the seeds reduced the subsequent time to awn emergence in Athenais and the autumn-sown genotypes Ager, Arabi Abiad and Gerbel B, especially in longer days”
t0“Environmental Control of Flowering in Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). II. Rate of Developement as a Function of Temperature and Photoperiod and its Modification by Low-temperature Vernalization”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed low-temperature pretreatment had no effect or tended to delay awn emergence in Emir and Mona.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Material
- Emir and Monae0
- Outcome
- awn emergencee0
- Direction
- had no effect or tended to delaye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“but either had no effect or tended to delay awn emergence in the spring-sown types Emir and Mona.”
t0“Environmental Control of Flowering in Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). II. Rate of Developement as a Function of Temperature and Photoperiod and its Modification by Low-temperature Vernalization”
Claim · model-written summary
The critical photoperiod in spring-sown barley types exceeded 16 h d−1.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Material
- spring-sown typese0
- Outcome
- PCe0
- Value
- > 16 h d−1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In the spring-sown types PC was outside the range investigated (i.e. > 16 h d−1)”
t0“Environmental Control of Flowering in Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). II. Rate of Developement as a Function of Temperature and Photoperiod and its Modification by Low-temperature Vernalization”
Claim · model-written summary
The critical photoperiod was approximately 13 h d−1 in Ager.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Material
- Agere0
- Outcome
- Photoperiodt0
- Value
- 13 h d−1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“but in Ager it was approx. 13 h d−1”
t0“Environmental Control of Flowering in Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). II. Rate of Developement as a Function of Temperature and Photoperiod and its Modification by Low-temperature Vernalization”
Claim · model-written summary
The critical photoperiod was just over 13 h d−1 in Gerbel B.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Material
- Gerbel Be0
- Outcome
- Photoperiodt0
- Value
- just over 13 h d−1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“and in Gerbel B just over 13 h d−1.”
t0“Environmental Control of Flowering in Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). II. Rate of Developement as a Function of Temperature and Photoperiod and its Modification by Low-temperature Vernalization”
Claim · model-written summary
Vernalized Arabi Abiad had a critical photoperiod almost 15 h.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Material
- Arabi Abiade0
- Treatment
- vernalized seedse0
- Outcome
- Pce0
- Value
- almost 15 he0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“For plants of Arabi Abiad grown from vernalized seeds Pc was almost 15 h”
t0“Environmental Control of Flowering in Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). II. Rate of Developement as a Function of Temperature and Photoperiod and its Modification by Low-temperature Vernalization”
Claim · model-written summary
Non-vernalized Arabi Abiad had a critical photoperiod of at most 13 h.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Material
- Arabi Abiade0
- Treatment
- non-vernalized seedse0
- Outcome
- Pce0
- Value
- ≤ 13 he0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“For plants of Arabi Abiad grown from vernalized seeds Pc was almost 15 h, but ≤ 13 h in plants from non-vernalized seeds.”
t0“Environmental Control of Flowering in Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). II. Rate of Developement as a Function of Temperature and Photoperiod and its Modification by Low-temperature Vernalization”
Claim · model-written summary
In Athenais, critical photoperiod rose from about 12·5 h d−1 at 10 °C to about 15 h d−1 at 20 °C irrespective of seed vernalization.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Material
- Athenaise0
- Outcome
- PCe0
- Direction
- variede0
- Value
- about 12·5 h d−1 at 10 °C to about 15 h d−1 at 20 °Ce0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In Athenais, whether or not the seeds had been vernalized, PC varied with mean diurnal temperature, from about 12·5 h d−1 at 10 °C to about 15 h d−1 at 20 °C.”
t0“Environmental Control of Flowering in Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). II. Rate of Developement as a Function of Temperature and Photoperiod and its Modification by Low-temperature Vernalization”
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cold · growth · Hordeum vulgare (barley)Results differ
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