Abstract
Two field experiments were conducted in 1999 and 2000 at Zeme (Pavia, Italy) to determine the effects of water managements and herbicide treatments on red rice control. In the first experiment, all plots were flooded 10-13 cm deep from April 1 to May 17 in 1999 and from April 3 to May 6 in 2000. At the same time, in the second experiment, the plots were alternately drained-flooded. At the end of water management, all plots of both experiments were drained and sprayed with herbicides to control the emerged red rice plants. In both years were applied: Propaquizafop 78 g a.i.ha-1, Cycloxydim at 300 and 400 g a.i. ha-1; Dalapon at 15.300 Kg a.i. ha-1; Quizalofop-ethyl at 100 g a.i. ha-1. Six days after the chemical treatments, all field plots were flooded 10 cm deep and three days later, an early variety of rice (Loto) was sown at 150 Kg ha-1. Seedling emergence was reduced by lack of oxygen (especially from seeds covered with soil in flooded condition). In alternately drained-flooded soil, the red rice emerged and developed from seeds located in the top 4-5 cm. In flooded condition, no red rice plants emerged from seeds at more than 1 cm depth. In both experiments, the density of red rice plants increased during the season in the untreated check and in the plots where treatments were ineffective or performed poorly. The best red rice control, both in submerged and in alternately drained-flooded soil, was obtained with Quizalofop-ethyl (100 g a.i./ha), Cycloxydim (300 and 400 g a.i.ha-1) and Propaquizafop (78 g a.i.ha-1). These herbicides controlled 90-99% of red rice. Partial control of red rice resulted with the other chemical treatments. The shattered grains of red rice were reduced in both experiments by the herbicide treatments. Grain yield reflected the level of red rice control. In fact, the highest commercial grain yields were obtained with Quizalofop-ethyl, Propaquizafop, and Cycloxydim (400 g a.i.ha-1), in both years and experiments. The red rice percentages of the total yields resulted about 3.6-5.7% with all chemical treatments except Dalapon, which was not much effective.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Flooding reduced red rice seedling emergence through lack of oxygen.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativat0 - Treatment
- flooded conditione0
- Interactor
- red ricet0weed
- Outcome
- Seedling emergencee0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seedling emergence was reduced by lack of oxygen (especially from seeds covered with soil in flooded condition).”
t0“Effects of water management and herbicide treatments on red rice control.”
Claim · model-written summary
Red rice emerged from seeds in the top 4-5 cm under alternating drainage and flooding.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- alternately drained-flooded soile0
- Interactor
- red ricee0weed
- Outcome
- red rice emerged and developede0
- Value
- top 4-5 cme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In alternately drained-flooded soil, the red rice emerged and developed from seeds located in the top 4-5 cm.”
t0“Effects of water management and herbicide treatments on red rice control.”
Claim · model-written summary
No red rice emerged from seeds deeper than 1 cm under flooding.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- flooded conditione0
- Interactor
- red ricee0weed
- Outcome
- no red rice plants emergede0
- Value
- more than 1 cme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In flooded condition, no red rice plants emerged from seeds at more than 1 cm depth.”
t0“Effects of water management and herbicide treatments on red rice control.”
Claim · model-written summary
Red rice density rose seasonally in untreated and poorly controlled plots.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Interactor
- red ricee0weed
- Outcome
- density of red rice plantse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the density of red rice plants increased during the season in the untreated check and in the plots where treatments were ineffective or performed poorly.”
t0“Effects of water management and herbicide treatments on red rice control.”
Claim · model-written summary
Quizalofop-ethyl gave among the best red rice control, at 90-99%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Quizalofop-ethyl (100 g a.i./ha)e0
- Interactor
- red ricee0weed
- Outcome
- red rice controle0
- Direction
- beste0
- Value
- 90-99%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The best red rice control, both in submerged and in alternately drained-flooded soil, was obtained with Quizalofop-ethyl (100 g a.i./ha), Cycloxydim (300 and 400 g a.i.ha-1) and Propaquizafop (78 g a.i.ha-1). These herbicides controlled 90-99% of red rice.”
t0“Effects of water management and herbicide treatments on red rice control.”
Claim · model-written summary
Cycloxydim gave among the best red rice control, at 90-99%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Cycloxydim (300 and 400 g a.i.ha-1)e0
- Interactor
- red ricee0weed
- Outcome
- red rice controle0
- Direction
- beste0
- Value
- 90-99%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The best red rice control, both in submerged and in alternately drained-flooded soil, was obtained with Quizalofop-ethyl (100 g a.i./ha), Cycloxydim (300 and 400 g a.i.ha-1) and Propaquizafop (78 g a.i.ha-1). These herbicides controlled 90-99% of red rice.”
t0“Effects of water management and herbicide treatments on red rice control.”
Claim · model-written summary
Propaquizafop gave among the best red rice control, at 90-99%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Propaquizafop (78 g a.i.ha-1)e0
- Interactor
- red ricee0weed
- Outcome
- red rice controle0
- Direction
- beste0
- Value
- 90-99%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The best red rice control, both in submerged and in alternately drained-flooded soil, was obtained with Quizalofop-ethyl (100 g a.i./ha), Cycloxydim (300 and 400 g a.i.ha-1) and Propaquizafop (78 g a.i.ha-1). These herbicides controlled 90-99% of red rice.”
t0“Effects of water management and herbicide treatments on red rice control.”
Claim · model-written summary
Other chemical treatments gave partial red rice control.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- other chemical treatmentse0
- Interactor
- red ricee0weed
- Outcome
- control of red ricee0
- Direction
- Partiale0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Partial control of red rice resulted with the other chemical treatments.”
t0“Effects of water management and herbicide treatments on red rice control.”
Claim · model-written summary
Herbicide treatments reduced shattered red rice grains.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- herbicide treatmentse0
- Interactor
- red ricee0weed
- Outcome
- shattered grains of red ricee0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The shattered grains of red rice were reduced in both experiments by the herbicide treatments.”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain yield tracked the level of red rice control.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Interactor
- red ricee0weed
- Outcome
- Grain yielde0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Grain yield reflected the level of red rice control.”
t0“Effects of water management and herbicide treatments on red rice control.”
Claim · model-written summary
Quizalofop-ethyl gave among the highest commercial grain yields.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Quizalofop-ethyle0
- Outcome
- commercial grain yieldse0
- Direction
- higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the highest commercial grain yields were obtained with Quizalofop-ethyl, Propaquizafop, and Cycloxydim (400 g a.i.ha-1)”
t0“Effects of water management and herbicide treatments on red rice control.”
Claim · model-written summary
Propaquizafop gave among the highest commercial grain yields.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Propaquizafope0
- Outcome
- commercial grain yieldse0
- Direction
- higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the highest commercial grain yields were obtained with Quizalofop-ethyl, Propaquizafop, and Cycloxydim (400 g a.i.ha-1)”
t0“Effects of water management and herbicide treatments on red rice control.”
Claim · model-written summary
Cycloxydim at 400 g a.i.ha-1 gave among the highest commercial grain yields.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Cycloxydim (400 g a.i.ha-1)e0
- Outcome
- commercial grain yieldse0
- Direction
- higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the highest commercial grain yields were obtained with Quizalofop-ethyl, Propaquizafop, and Cycloxydim (400 g a.i.ha-1)”
t0“Effects of water management and herbicide treatments on red rice control.”
Claim · model-written summary
Red rice accounted for about 3.6-5.7% of total yields with chemical treatments other than Dalapon.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Interactor
- red ricee0weed
- Outcome
- red rice percentages of the total yieldse0
- Value
- about 3.6-5.7%e0
- Qualifier
- except Dalapone0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The red rice percentages of the total yields resulted about 3.6-5.7% with all chemical treatments except Dalapon”
The same questions in other papers
quizalofop-ethyl · control · Oryza sativa (rice)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
quizalofop-ethyl · yield · Oryza sativa (rice)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
herbicide · organism · Oryza sativa (rice)Positive and negative results
18 papers in the same direction as this paper · 3 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- no effect
- negative
18 papers more in this group
See all 22 papers →flooding · growth · Oryza sativa (rice)Positive and negative results
63 papers in the same direction as this paper · 72 in the opposite direction · 2 reporting no difference from an alternative
- negative
- negative
- no effect
134 papers more in this group
See all 138 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.