Abstract
Laboratory experiments and some field and greenhouse studies were carried out to determine the mode of action of radiant energy in the development of a post-harvest sunscald disorder of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill c.v.Vendor) fruits. The effects of the disorder on post-harvest fruit quality and physiology were evaluated by the physical determination of textural characteristics, the analysis of some chemical constituents and the measurement of fruit gas exchange. The ability of various storage temperatures, photoperiods and oxygen concentrations to alleviate injury was also examined. The effectiveness of radiant energy in causing sunscald injury was found to depend on the amount of radiant energy in the infra-red waveband. The action of infra-red radiation was thermal rather than photochemical. The use of high air temperatures to heat fruits produced symptoms similar to sunscald except that the colour of the fruit surface became greyish rather than white. Injury can develop at all stages of ripeness but symptoms vary with stage of ripeness. Injury also develops in light in the absence of oxygen or in darkness. Photooxidation does not appear to be a prerequisite for injury development. Injurious radiation treatments caused a loss of green colour and injured fruits failed to synthesize the red pigment; lycopene, in storage. Injury did not result in any appreciable loss in lycopene content once the pigment had formed. The mode of action of intense electromagnetic radiation on fruit colour therefore appears to be by destruction of the mechanism of carotenoid synthesis rather than by increased carotenoid degradation. Injury prevented protopectin solubilization during subsequent storage. It also led to a large reduction in ascorbic acid content and an increase in pH. The changes in ascorbic acid content and pH occurred progressively during the development of injury. Changes in the textural attributes of tomato fruits were assessed by measurements of six force-deformation characteristics: Deformation, Pericarp strength, Mesocarp resistance, Compliance, Firmness and Toughness. Toughness did not significantly change during ripeness. Although the effect of injury on Mesocarp resistance was not significant, the interaction of injury with storage was significant for the characteristic. Four characteristics: Pericarp strength, Mesocarp resistance, Compliance and Firmness were highly correlated with protopectin content. Of the textural indices, Compliance was the best predictor (R² = 90.4%; SŶ = 1.97) of protopectin content at different levels of injury, irrespective of ripeness or storage. It is therefore recommended that Compliance, rather than Firmness be used for detecting changes in the "softness" of tomato fruits. "Induction" and "incipient" types of injury accelerated the onset of the respiratory climacteric. "Advanced" type of injury reduced rates of respiration during fruit ripening. The failure of injured fruits to ripen normally was not due to lack of ethylene production since rates of ethylene production were high in injured fruits. The relationship between the respiratory climacteric and ethylene production was shifted by injury. Storage treatments involving different temperatures, photoperiods and oxygen concentrations did not alleviate injury. It is suggested that efforts aimed at controlling injury should emphasize prevention of exposure to radiation rather than attempt to cure injury in exposed fruit.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Sunscald induction depended on infrared radiant energy and its action was thermal rather than photochemical.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicumt0 - Outcome
- sunscald injurye0
- Qualifier
- thermal rather than photochemicale0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The effectiveness of radiant energy in causing sunscald injury was found to depend on the amount of radiant energy in the infra-red waveband. The action of infra-red radiation was thermal rather than photochemical.”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
High air temperatures produced sunscald-like symptoms with greyish rather than white fruit surfaces.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- high air temperaturese0
- Outcome
- greyish rather than whitee0
- Comparator
- sunscalde0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The use of high air temperatures to heat fruits produced symptoms similar to sunscald except that the colour of the fruit surface became greyish rather than white.”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Injury can develop at all ripeness stages, with symptoms varying by ripeness.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Outcome
- Injury can develop at all stages of ripenesse0
- Qualifier
- symptoms vary with stage of ripenesse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Injury can develop at all stages of ripeness but symptoms vary with stage of ripeness.”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Injury develops without oxygen in light and also in darkness, so photooxidation appears unnecessary.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Outcome
- injury developmente0
- Qualifier
- Photooxidation does not appear to be a prerequisitee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Injury also develops in light in the absence of oxygen or in darkness. Photooxidation does not appear to be a prerequisite for injury development.”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Injurious radiation caused loss of green colour and failure to synthesize lycopene in storage.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Injurious radiation treatmentse0
- Outcome
- green coloure0
- Direction
- losse0
- Qualifier
- injured fruits failed to synthesize the red pigment; lycopene, in storagee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Injurious radiation treatments caused a loss of green colour and injured fruits failed to synthesize the red pigment; lycopene, in storage.”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Injury did not appreciably reduce already formed lycopene.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Injurye0
- Outcome
- lycopene contente0
- Direction
- did not result in any appreciable losse0
- Qualifier
- once the pigment had formede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Injury did not result in any appreciable loss in lycopene content once the pigment had formed.”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Radiation appears to alter colour by destroying carotenoid synthesis rather than increasing degradation.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Outcome
- fruit coloure0
- Qualifier
- destruction of the mechanism of carotenoid synthesis rather than by increased carotenoid degradatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The mode of action of intense electromagnetic radiation on fruit colour therefore appears to be by destruction of the mechanism of carotenoid synthesis rather than by increased carotenoid degradation.”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Injury prevented protopectin solubilization in subsequent storage.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Injurye0
- Outcome
- protopectin solubilizatione0
- Direction
- preventede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Injury prevented protopectin solubilization during subsequent storage.”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Injury progressively reduced ascorbic acid content.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- injurye0
- Outcome
- ascorbic acid contente0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Qualifier
- progressively during the development of injurye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“It also led to a large reduction in ascorbic acid content and an increase in pH. The changes in ascorbic acid content and pH occurred progressively during the development of injury.”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Injury progressively increased pH.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- injurye0
- Outcome
- pHe0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Qualifier
- progressively during the development of injurye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“It also led to a large reduction in ascorbic acid content and an increase in pH. The changes in ascorbic acid content and pH occurred progressively during the development of injury.”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Toughness did not significantly change during ripeness.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Organ / stage
- ripenesse0
- Outcome
- Toughnesse0
- Direction
- did not significantly changee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Toughness did not significantly change during ripeness.”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
The injury effect on mesocarp resistance was non-significant, but its interaction with storage was significant.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- injurye0
- Outcome
- Mesocarp resistancee0
- Qualifier
- the interaction of injury with storage was significant for the characteristice0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Although the effect of injury on Mesocarp resistance was not significant, the interaction of injury with storage was significant for the characteristic.”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Pericarp strength, mesocarp resistance and compliance correlated highly with protopectin content.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Compound
- protopectine0
- Outcome
- Pericarp strength, Mesocarp resistance, Compliancee0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Four characteristics: Pericarp strength, Mesocarp resistance, Compliance and Firmness were highly correlated with protopectin content.”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Firmness correlated highly with protopectin content.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Compound
- protopectine0
- Outcome
- Firmnesse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Four characteristics: Pericarp strength, Mesocarp resistance, Compliance and Firmness were highly correlated with protopectin content.”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Compliance best predicted protopectin content across injury levels regardless of ripeness or storage, and was recommended over firmness for detecting softness changes.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Outcome
- protopectin contente0
- Direction
- beste0
- Value
- 90.4%e0
- Qualifier
- SŶ = 1.97e0
- Comparator
- Firmnesse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Of the textural indices, Compliance was the best predictor (R² = 90.4%; SŶ = 1.97) of protopectin content at different levels of injury, irrespective of ripeness or storage. It is therefore recommended that Compliance, rather than Firmness be used for detecting changes in the "softness" of tomato fruits.”
Claim · model-written summary
Induction and incipient injury accelerated the respiratory climacteric onset.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- "Induction" and "incipient" types of injurye0
- Outcome
- onset of the respiratory climacterice0
- Direction
- acceleratede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“"Induction" and "incipient" types of injury accelerated the onset of the respiratory climacteric.”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Advanced injury reduced respiration rates during ripening.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- "Advanced" type of injurye0
- Outcome
- rates of respiratione0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“"Advanced" type of injury reduced rates of respiration during fruit ripening.”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Failure to ripen was not attributable to lack of ethylene, whose production was high; injury shifted its relationship with the respiratory climacteric.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Compound
- ethylenee0
- Outcome
- failure of injured fruits to ripen normallye0
- Qualifier
- The relationship between the respiratory climacteric and ethylene production was shifted by injurye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The failure of injured fruits to ripen normally was not due to lack of ethylene production since rates of ethylene production were high in injured fruits. The relationship between the respiratory climacteric and ethylene production was shifted by injury.”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Storage temperature, photoperiod and oxygen treatments did not alleviate injury.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Storage treatments involving different temperatures, photoperiods and oxygen concentrationse0
- Outcome
- injurye0
- Direction
- did not alleviatee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Storage treatments involving different temperatures, photoperiods and oxygen concentrations did not alleviate injury.”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Control efforts should prioritize preventing radiation exposure over curing exposed fruit.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Outcome
- prevention of exposure to radiatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“It is suggested that efforts aimed at controlling injury should emphasize prevention of exposure to radiation rather than attempt to cure injury in exposed fruit.”
t0“tomato”
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See all 16 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.