Abstract
Ammonium nitrate solution (20% N) can burn the foliage of many broadleaf weeds without significant injury to cole (broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cabbage, and cauliflower) and onion crops. Scanning electron microscopy showed that a heavy crystalline epicuticular wax layer composed of tubules, dendrites, and (or) platelets was present on the adaxial leaf surface of ammonium nitrate tolerant species. Susceptible species had little or no wax on their leaf surface. Removal of epicuticular wax by cellulose acetate stripping from tolerant cabbage leaves increased ammonium nitrate retention and salt injury. We conclude that epicuticular wax protects the foliage of tolerant species by repelling the salt solution. The solution, however, did not wet the stripped leaves evenly and leaf kill was incomplete, indicating that amorphous cuticular wax offers some protection to these leaves. The foliage of susceptible species, which lacked epicuticular wax, was damaged because it retained the solution. The presence of surface structures such as trichomes on common groundsel (Senecio vulgaris L.), lady's thumb (Polygonum persicaria L.), and shepherd's purse (Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medic.) may further increase solution retention and salt injury. Key words: epicuticular wax, cole crops, onion, weed, leaf surface, trichome.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Ammonium nitrate solution burned broadleaf weed foliage without significant injury to cole and onion crops.
- Taxon
- cole (broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cabbage, and cauliflower) and onion cropse0
- Treatment
- Ammonium nitrate solution (20% N)e0
- Interactor
- broadleaf weedse0weed
- Outcome
- injury to cole (broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cabbage, and cauliflower) and onion cropse0
- Direction
- without significant injurye0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Ammonium nitrate solution (20% N) can burn the foliage of many broadleaf weeds without significant injury to cole (broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cabbage, and cauliflower) and onion crops.”
Claim · model-written summary
Ammonium nitrate tolerant species had a heavy crystalline epicuticular wax layer on the upper leaf surface.
Verbatim
e0“a heavy crystalline epicuticular wax layer composed of tubules, dendrites, and (or) platelets was present on the adaxial leaf surface of ammonium nitrate tolerant species.”
Claim · model-written summary
Susceptible species had little or no leaf surface wax.
Verbatim
e0“Susceptible species had little or no wax on their leaf surface.”
Claim · model-written summary
Removing epicuticular wax from cabbage leaves increased ammonium nitrate retention.
- Taxon
- cabbage
Brassica oleracea var. capitatae0 - Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- Removal of epicuticular wax by cellulose acetate strippinge0
- Outcome
- ammonium nitrate retentione0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Removal of epicuticular wax by cellulose acetate stripping from tolerant cabbage leaves increased ammonium nitrate retention and salt injury.”
Claim · model-written summary
Removing epicuticular wax from cabbage leaves increased salt injury.
- Taxon
- cabbageBrassica oleracea var. capitatae0
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- Removal of epicuticular wax by cellulose acetate strippinge0
- Outcome
- salt injurye0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Removal of epicuticular wax by cellulose acetate stripping from tolerant cabbage leaves increased ammonium nitrate retention and salt injury.”
Claim · model-written summary
Epicuticular wax protects tolerant foliage by repelling salt solution.
Verbatim
e0“epicuticular wax protects the foliage of tolerant species by repelling the salt solution.”
Claim · model-written summary
Stripped leaves were unevenly wetted and leaf kill was incomplete.
- Taxon
- cabbageBrassica oleracea var. capitatae1
- Outcome
- did not wet the stripped leaves evenly and leaf kill was incompletee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The solution, however, did not wet the stripped leaves evenly and leaf kill was incomplete”
e1“cabbage leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
Amorphous cuticular wax was inferred to provide some protection to stripped cabbage leaves.
- Taxon
- cabbageBrassica oleracea var. capitatae1
- Outcome
- some protection to these leavese0
- Qualifier
- amorphous cuticular waxe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“indicating that amorphous cuticular wax offers some protection to these leaves.”
e1“cabbage leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
Susceptible foliage was damaged because it retained the solution.
Verbatim
e0“The foliage of susceptible species, which lacked epicuticular wax, was damaged because it retained the solution.”
Claim · model-written summary
Surface structures may further increase solution retention and salt injury in common groundsel.
- Taxon
- common groundsel (Senecio vulgaris L.)
_(10171293746).jpg?width=60)
Senecio vulgarise0 - Outcome
- solution retention and salt injurye0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Qualifier
- surface structures such as trichomese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_(10171293746).jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“The presence of surface structures such as trichomes on common groundsel (Senecio vulgaris L.), lady's thumb (Polygonum persicaria L.), and shepherd's purse (Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medic.) may further increase solution retention and salt injury.”
Claim · model-written summary
Surface structures may further increase solution retention and salt injury in lady's thumb.
- Taxon
- lady's thumb (Polygonum persicaria L.)
Persicaria maculosae0 - Outcome
- solution retention and salt injurye0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Qualifier
- surface structures such as trichomese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The presence of surface structures such as trichomes on common groundsel (Senecio vulgaris L.), lady's thumb (Polygonum persicaria L.), and shepherd's purse (Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medic.) may further increase solution retention and salt injury.”
Claim · model-written summary
Surface structures may further increase solution retention and salt injury in shepherd's purse.
- Taxon
- shepherd's purse (Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medic.)
Capsella bursa-pastorise0 - Outcome
- solution retention and salt injurye0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Qualifier
- surface structures such as trichomese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The presence of surface structures such as trichomes on common groundsel (Senecio vulgaris L.), lady's thumb (Polygonum persicaria L.), and shepherd's purse (Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medic.) may further increase solution retention and salt injury.”
The same questions in other papers
cellulose acetate · nutrient: content · Brassica oleracea (wild cabbage)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- negative
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.