Abstract
The area of pasture in the southern China is about 60 million hectare, which is an important husbandry base in China. The experimental soil is collected from Bailihuang demonstration pasture in Yichang county, Hubei Province of China , typical subtropical middle mountain pasture of the southern China. The soil type is yellow brown earth and deficient in nitrogen, phosphorus and zinc, therefore the application of nitrogen, phosphorus and zinc is an important measurement in increasing output and quality of herbage. The large amount of phosphorus application results in the fixation of zinc. There are more researches on the relationship between P and Zn, but in fact short of the studies of the relationship between N and Zn. The influences of the compound effects between nitrogen and zinc on growth, nodules, N-fixation and transfer of fixed nitrogen by white clover to ryegrass in mixed culture are studied in this paper. This study will provide guidance for fertilization of the pasture in the southern China. ;The tests contained two factors and four levers, adopted 4×4 complete design by pot experiments. The levels of nitrogen ( 15N-(NH 4) 2SO 4) were 0, 30, 90, 150mg/kg ( 15N abundance was 5.00%). The levels zinc (ZnSO 4) were 0, 6, 20, 40 mg/kg . In the whole growth period, two harvests were made. The first harvest was in thriving growth stage and the second harvest was in the beginning of the winter. The experiment contained two series of ryegrass in mono-culture and ryegrass-white clover in mixture. There were 20 plants in each pot and the ratio of ryegrass to clover was 4 to 1. The mono-culture of ryegrass was used as a control for calculation of nitrogen fixation and transfer of fixed nitrogen by white clover to ryegrass in mixture. The main results showed as follows: The influences of the compound effects between nitrogen and zinc on growth, nodule development, N-fixation and N-transfer of white clover had different effects on various growth stages of white clover and various ranges of applied nitrogen and zinc. The synergism between nitrogen and zinc on the growth of shoot and root was in the range of different combination applied 0～30 mg/kg N and 0～6 mg/kg Zn in the first growth stage, and enlarged to the range of different combination of applied 0～90 mg/kg N and 0～20mg/kg Zn in the late growth stage. For higher quantities of applied nitrogen and zinc than above range, there were antagonism effects between nitrogen and zinc on the growth of white clover. In comparison with no applied nitrogen, the application of nitrogen significantly decreased the percentage of nitrogen fixation in the early growth stage and the number of nodules in both growth stages, but suitable amount of applied nitrogen (30mg/kg) significantly increased the percentage of nitrogen fixation in the late growth stage and the fresh weight of nodules per plant in both growth stages. In all treatments with applied nitrogen, zinc applied 6mg/kg significantly increased the number of nodules as well as the percentage of nitrogen fixation. In comparison with the synergism range between nitrogen and zinc on shoot and root growth, the range of synergism effects between nitrogen and zinc on nodule development narrowed down. There was close relationship between the transfer of fixed nitrogen by white clover to ryegrass and the declination of nodules.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen and zinc acted synergistically on white clover shoot and root growth at 0～30 mg/kg N and 0～6 mg/kg Zn in the first stage.
- Taxon
- white clover
Trifolium repenst0 - Organ / stage
- shoot and roote0
- Treatment
- 0～30 mg/kg N and 0～6 mg/kg Zne0
- Outcome
- growth of shoot and roote0
- Direction
- synergisme0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The synergism between nitrogen and zinc on the growth of shoot and root was in the range of different combination applied 0～30 mg/kg N and 0～6 mg/kg Zn in the first growth stage”
t0“white clover”
Claim · model-written summary
The synergistic range expanded to 0～90 mg/kg N and 0～20mg/kg Zn in the late stage.
- Taxon
- white cloverTrifolium repenst0
- Organ / stage
- late growth stagee0
- Treatment
- 0～90 mg/kg N and 0～20mg/kg Zne0
- Outcome
- growtht0
- Direction
- enlargede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“enlarged to the range of different combination of applied 0～90 mg/kg N and 0～20mg/kg Zn in the late growth stage”
t0“growth,N-fixation and transfer of fixed nitrogen of white clover”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen and zinc quantities above the synergistic ranges antagonized white clover growth.
- Taxon
- white cloverTrifolium repense0
- Treatment
- higher quantities of applied nitrogen and zince0
- Outcome
- growth of white clovere0
- Direction
- antagonisme0
- Comparator
- above rangee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“For higher quantities of applied nitrogen and zinc than above range, there were antagonism effects between nitrogen and zinc on the growth of white clover”
Claim · model-written summary
Applied nitrogen significantly decreased nitrogen fixation percentage at the early growth stage relative to no nitrogen.
- Taxon
- white cloverTrifolium repenst0
- Organ / stage
- early growth stagee0
- Treatment
- application of nitrogene0
- Outcome
- percentage of nitrogen fixatione0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Comparator
- no applied nitrogene0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In comparison with no applied nitrogen, the application of nitrogen significantly decreased the percentage of nitrogen fixation in the early growth stage”
t0“white clover”
Claim · model-written summary
Applied nitrogen significantly decreased nodule number in both growth stages.
- Taxon
- white cloverTrifolium repenst0
- Treatment
- application of nitrogene0
- Outcome
- number of nodulese0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Qualifier
- both growth stagese0
- Comparator
- no applied nitrogene0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In comparison with no applied nitrogen, the application of nitrogen significantly decreased the percentage of nitrogen fixation in the early growth stage and the number of nodules in both growth stages”
t0“white clover”
Claim · model-written summary
At 30mg/kg, nitrogen significantly increased late-stage nitrogen fixation percentage.
- Taxon
- white cloverTrifolium repenst0
- Treatment
- applied nitrogen (30mg/kg)e0
- Outcome
- percentage of nitrogen fixatione0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- late growth stagee0
- Comparator
- no applied nitrogene1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“suitable amount of applied nitrogen (30mg/kg) significantly increased the percentage of nitrogen fixation in the late growth stage”
e1“In comparison with no applied nitrogen”
t0“white clover”
Claim · model-written summary
At 30mg/kg, nitrogen significantly increased fresh nodule weight per plant in both stages.
- Taxon
- white cloverTrifolium repenst0
- Treatment
- applied nitrogen (30mg/kg)e0
- Outcome
- fresh weight of nodules per plante0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- both growth stagese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“suitable amount of applied nitrogen (30mg/kg) significantly increased the percentage of nitrogen fixation in the late growth stage and the fresh weight of nodules per plant in both growth stages”
t0“white clover”
Claim · model-written summary
Zinc at 6mg/kg significantly increased nodule number across nitrogen treatments.
- Taxon
- white cloverTrifolium repenst0
- Treatment
- zinc applied 6mg/kge0
- Outcome
- number of nodulese0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- all treatments with applied nitrogene0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In all treatments with applied nitrogen, zinc applied 6mg/kg significantly increased the number of nodules as well as the percentage of nitrogen fixation”
t0“white clover”
Claim · model-written summary
Zinc at 6mg/kg significantly increased nitrogen fixation percentage across nitrogen treatments.
- Taxon
- white cloverTrifolium repenst0
- Treatment
- zinc applied 6mg/kge0
- Outcome
- percentage of nitrogen fixatione0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- all treatments with applied nitrogene0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In all treatments with applied nitrogen, zinc applied 6mg/kg significantly increased the number of nodules as well as the percentage of nitrogen fixation”
t0“white clover”
Claim · model-written summary
The synergistic range for nodulation was narrower than that for shoot and root growth.
- Taxon
- white cloverTrifolium repenst0
- Outcome
- range of synergism effects between nitrogen and zinc on nodule developmente0
- Direction
- narrowed downe0
- Comparator
- synergism range between nitrogen and zinc on shoot and root growthe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In comparison with the synergism range between nitrogen and zinc on shoot and root growth, the range of synergism effects between nitrogen and zinc on nodule development narrowed down”
t0“white clover”
Claim · model-written summary
Transfer of fixed nitrogen from white clover to ryegrass was closely related to nodule decline.
- Taxon
- white cloverTrifolium repense0
- Organ / stage
- nodulese0
- Outcome
- transfer of fixed nitrogen by white clover to ryegrasse0
LoliumNot reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“There was close relationship between the transfer of fixed nitrogen by white clover to ryegrass and the declination of nodules”
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