Abstract
e inuence of adding kaolin clay (Cutisan), pine resin (Nu-Film), and milk proteins (ProNet-alfa) to copper fungicide spray at the same levels of phytotoxicity was tested regarding copper fungicides when applied to 'Golden Delicious' apples tested during aeld-trial. Copper fungicides were applied 8 times per season using a standard orchard sprayer (250 l/ ha of spray), starting at the BBCH 71 stage (fruitlets with more than 15 mm diameter); and continuing throughout the season until stage BBCH 79, at the rate of 250 g Cu ++ /ha at each application. �e phytotoxicity levels of traditional copper fungicides (sulphate, oxy-chloride, oxide, hydroxide) were compared to fungicides based on copper complexes (gluconate, EDTA chelate, peptidate and aminoacid complexes). Fruit disorders were evaluated (malformations, surface-russet). �e level of reduction in phytotoxicity when adding kaolin clay was 10 to 80% and reached from 10 to 40% when adding pine resin. �e addition of milk proteins in some fungicides reduced phytotoxicity by 5 to 10%, whereas in others a 15 to 30% increase was observed. �e content of copper was determined in the fruits at harvest-time. �e use of additives generally increased the copper residues of the fruits. �e highest increase was determined for pine resin (5-100%), moderate for milk proteins (5-70%), and the lowest for kaolin clay (0-30%). �e results of our trial showed that the tested additives had dierent eects on the reductions of phytotoxicity regarding copper products, and the intake of copper ions to apple fruits. �ey were very specic in terms of compatibility with dierent formulations of copper fungicides. In regard to compatibility, kaolin clay had the most neutral eect. As the addition of pine resin and milk proteins can signicantly increase the copper content of fruits, they were less suitable as additives for the reduction of phytotoxicity within certain formulations of copper fungicides.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record; open copy licensed other-oa. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Kaolin clay reduced phytotoxicity by 10 to 80%.
- Taxon
- apples
Malus domesticat0 - Treatment
- kaolin claye0
- Outcome
- phytotoxicitye0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 10 to 80%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“�e level of reduction in phytotoxicity when adding kaolin clay was 10 to 80%”
t0“apples”
Claim · model-written summary
Pine resin reduced phytotoxicity by 10 to 40%.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- pine resine0
- Outcome
- phytotoxicitye1
- Direction
- reductione1
- Value
- 10 to 40%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“reached from 10 to 40% when adding pine resin”
e1“�e level of reduction in phytotoxicity”
t0“apples”
Claim · model-written summary
Milk proteins reduced phytotoxicity by 5 to 10% in some fungicides.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- milk proteinse0
- Outcome
- phytotoxicitye0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 5 to 10%e0
- Qualifier
- some fungicidese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“�e addition of milk proteins in some fungicides reduced phytotoxicity by 5 to 10%”
t0“apples”
Claim · model-written summary
Milk proteins increased phytotoxicity by 15 to 30% in other fungicides.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- milk proteinse1
- Outcome
- phytotoxicitye1
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 15 to 30%e0
- Qualifier
- in otherse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“whereas in others a 15 to 30% increase was observed”
e1“�e addition of milk proteins in some fungicides reduced phytotoxicity”
t0“apples”
Claim · model-written summary
Pine resin increased fruit copper residues by 5-100%.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- pine resine0
- Outcome
- copper residues of the fruitse1
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 5-100%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“�e highest increase was determined for pine resin (5-100%)”
e1“�e use of additives generally increased the copper residues of the fruits.”
t0“apples”
Claim · model-written summary
Milk proteins increased fruit copper residues by 5-70%.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- milk proteinse0
- Outcome
- copper residues of the fruitse1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 5-70%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“moderate for milk proteins (5-70%)”
e1“�e use of additives generally increased the copper residues of the fruits.”
t0“apples”
Claim · model-written summary
Kaolin clay changed fruit copper residues by 0-30%, the lowest increase among additives.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- kaolin claye0
- Outcome
- copper residues of the fruitse1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 0-30%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the lowest for kaolin clay (0-30%)”
e1“�e use of additives generally increased the copper residues of the fruits.”
t0“apples”
Claim · model-written summary
Kaolin clay had the most neutral compatibility effect across copper fungicide formulations.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- kaolin claye0
- Outcome
- most neutral eecte0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In regard to compatibility, kaolin clay had the most neutral eect.”
t0“apples”
Claim · model-written summary
Pine resin and milk proteins were less suitable additives for certain copper fungicide formulations because they can increase fruit copper content.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticat0
- Outcome
- less suitable as additives for the reduction of phytotoxicitye0
- Qualifier
- within certain formulations of copper fungicidese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“As the addition of pine resin and milk proteins can signicantly increase the copper content of fruits, they were less suitable as additives for the reduction of phytotoxicity within certain formulations of copper fungicides.”
t0“apples”
The same questions in other papers
kaolin · nutrient: content · Malus domestica (apple)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- positive
kaolin · crop injury · Malus domestica (apple)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- no effect
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.