Abstract
Low concentration of zinc (Zn) in the endosperm of cereals is a major factor contributing to Zn deficiency in human populations. We have investigated how combined Zn and nitrogen (N) fertilization affects the speciation and localization of Zn in durum wheat (Triticum durum). Zn-binding proteins were analysed with liquid chromatography ICP-MS and Orbitrap MS(2) , respectively. Laser ablation ICP-MS with simultaneous Zn, sulphur (S) and phosphorus (P) detection was used for bioimaging of Zn and its potential ligands. Increasing the Zn and N supply had a major impact on the Zn concentration in the endosperm, reaching concentrations higher than current breeding targets. The S concentration also increased, but S was only partly co-localized with Zn. The mutual Zn and S enrichment was reflected in substantially more Zn bound to small cysteine-rich proteins (apparent size 10-30 kDa), whereas the response of larger proteins (apparent size > 50 kDa) was only modest. Most of the Zn-responsive proteins were associated with redox- and stress-related processes. This study offers a methodological platform to deepen the understanding of processes behind endosperm Zn enrichment. Novel information is provided on how the localization and speciation of Zn is modified during Zn biofortification of grains.
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Claims 6
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing zinc and nitrogen supply increased zinc concentration in wheat endosperm beyond current breeding targets.
- Taxon
- durum wheat
Triticum turgidum subsp. durume1 - Treatment
- Increasing the Zn and N supplye0
- Outcome
- Zn concentration in the endosperme0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- current breeding targetse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Increasing the Zn and N supply had a major impact on the Zn concentration in the endosperm, reaching concentrations higher than current breeding targets”
e1“durum wheat (Triticum durum)”
Claim · model-written summary
Sulphur concentration increased under increased zinc and nitrogen supply.
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durume1
- Outcome
- S concentratione0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The S concentration also increased”
e1“durum wheat (Triticum durum)”
Claim · model-written summary
Sulphur was only partly co-localized with zinc.
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durume1
- Outcome
- S was only partly co-localized with Zne0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“S was only partly co-localized with Zn”
e1“durum wheat (Triticum durum)”
Claim · model-written summary
More zinc was bound to small cysteine-rich proteins under mutual zinc and sulphur enrichment.
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durume1
- Gene
- small cysteine-rich proteinse0
- Outcome
- Zn bound to small cysteine-rich proteinse0
- Direction
- moree0
- Qualifier
- apparent size 10-30 kDae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The mutual Zn and S enrichment was reflected in substantially more Zn bound to small cysteine-rich proteins (apparent size 10-30 kDa)”
e1“durum wheat (Triticum durum)”
Claim · model-written summary
Larger proteins responded only modestly to zinc and sulphur enrichment.
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durume1
- Gene
- larger proteinse0
- Outcome
- response of larger proteinse0
- Qualifier
- apparent size > 50 kDae0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the response of larger proteins (apparent size > 50 kDa) was only modest”
e1“durum wheat (Triticum durum)”
Claim · model-written summary
Most zinc-responsive proteins were associated with redox- and stress-related processes.
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durume1
- Gene
- Zn-responsive proteinse0
- Outcome
- redox- and stress-related processese0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Most of the Zn-responsive proteins were associated with redox- and stress-related processes”
e1“durum wheat (Triticum durum)”
The same questions in other papers
zinc atom · nutrient: content · Triticum turgidum (rivet wheat)Positive and negative results
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- positive
- no effect
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See all 19 papers →nitrogen · nutrient: content · Triticum turgidum (rivet wheat)Positive and negative results
16 papers in the same direction as this paper · 3 in the opposite direction
- negative
- no effect
- negative
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See all 20 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.