Abstract
With intensifying water shortage, adoption of deficit irrigation strategies is likely to increase around the world. Winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is one of the crops that has successfully been grown with deficit irrigation in the North China Plain. However, irrigating once before winter wheat enters dormancy (simplified as winter irrigation [WI]) is still a popular practice in this region. This study investigated the necessity of this irrigation and its effects on crop performance to provide guidelines for better irrigation management. Field experiments at two sites with up to five irrigation treatments (from rainfed up to three irrigations with or without WI) in a randomized block design with four replications were conducted for two to three winter wheat growing seasons from 2006 to 2009 in the North China Plain. Results showed that with good soil moisture at sowing, winter wheat achieved its maximum grain production with two irrigation applications in dry seasons and one irrigation application in wet seasons, both without WI. Winter irrigation increased evapotranspiration by 20 to 25 mm (0.79 to 0.98 in) and increased drainage from the root zone profile by 20 mm during the long winter dormancy period. With good soil moisture conditions at sowing plus some rainfall, soil moisture before winter wheat enters dormancy would be adequate so WI would have little effect on crop growth. Otherwise, the moisture for the top 50 cm (19.69 in) soil profile might become too dry, which would have a negative affect on winter wheat growth at the recovery stage without WI. However, even under dry conditions, WI didn9t increase yield of winter wheat with a postdormancy irrigation in early spring. With the same number of irrigation applications, the ones with WI produced lower water-use efficiency (WUE) values than the ones without WI. Under limited irrigation application, irrigation in early spring after winter dormancy produced greater yield and WUE than that with WI. Applying WI encouraged root growth at the topsoil profile, while withholding WI enhanced root length density in the deep soil layer. The results showed that WI increased evapotranspiration and drainage and reduced WUE. Thus, WI should be replaced by early or late spring irrigation after winter dormancy depending on soil moisture conditions.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Winter wheat achieved maximum grain production with two irrigation applications in dry seasons and one in wet seasons, both without winter irrigation (WI), when soil moisture at sowing was good.
- Taxon
- winter wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- two irrigation applications in dry seasons and one irrigation application in wet seasonse1
- Outcome
- grain productione1
- Direction
- maximume1
- Qualifier
- with good soil moisture at sowinge1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Results showed that with good soil moisture at sowing, winter wheat achieved its maximum grain production with two irrigation applications in dry seasons and one irrigation application in wet seasons, both without WI”
t0“Yield and water use response of winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Winter irrigation increased evapotranspiration by 20 to 25 mm during the winter dormancy period.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Winter irrigatione2
- Outcome
- evapotranspiratione2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Value
- 20 to 25 mme2
- Qualifier
- during the long winter dormancy periode2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“Winter irrigation increased evapotranspiration by 20 to 25 mm (0.79 to 0.98 in) and increased drainage from the root zone profile by 20 mm during the long winter dormancy period”
t0“Yield and water use response of winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Winter irrigation increased drainage from the root zone profile by 20 mm during the winter dormancy period.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Winter irrigatione2
- Outcome
- drainage from the root zone profilee2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Value
- 20 mme2
- Qualifier
- during the long winter dormancy periode2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“Winter irrigation increased evapotranspiration by 20 to 25 mm (0.79 to 0.98 in) and increased drainage from the root zone profile by 20 mm during the long winter dormancy period”
t0“Yield and water use response of winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Winter irrigation did not increase winter wheat yield when followed by postdormancy irrigation in early spring, even under dry conditions.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- WIe3
- Outcome
- yielde3
- Direction
- didn9t increasee3
- Qualifier
- even under dry conditionse3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“However, even under dry conditions, WI didn9t increase yield of winter wheat with a postdormancy irrigation in early spring”
t0“Yield and water use response of winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Winter irrigation gave lower water-use efficiency (WUE) than no winter irrigation when the number of irrigation applications was the same.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- the ones with WIe4
- Outcome
- water-use efficiency (WUE) valuese4
- Direction
- lowere4
- Qualifier
- With the same number of irrigation applicationse4
- Comparator
- the ones without WIe4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“With the same number of irrigation applications, the ones with WI produced lower water-use efficiency (WUE) values than the ones without WI”
t0“Yield and water use response of winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Under limited irrigation, spring irrigation after winter dormancy gave greater yield and WUE than winter irrigation.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- irrigation in early spring after winter dormancye5
- Outcome
- yield and WUEe5
- Direction
- greatere5
- Qualifier
- Under limited irrigation applicatione5
- Comparator
- that with WIe5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“Under limited irrigation application, irrigation in early spring after winter dormancy produced greater yield and WUE than that with WI”
t0“Yield and water use response of winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Applying WI encouraged root growth in the topsoil profile.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Applying WIe6
- Outcome
- root growthe6
- Direction
- encouragede6
- Qualifier
- at the topsoil profilee6
- Comparator
- withholding WIe6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“Applying WI encouraged root growth at the topsoil profile, while withholding WI enhanced root length density in the deep soil layer”
t0“Yield and water use response of winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Withholding WI enhanced root length density in the deep soil layer.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- withholding WIe6
- Outcome
- root length densitye6
- Direction
- enhancede6
- Qualifier
- in the deep soil layere6
- Comparator
- Applying WIe6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“Applying WI encouraged root growth at the topsoil profile, while withholding WI enhanced root length density in the deep soil layer”
t0“Yield and water use response of winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
WI should be replaced by early or late spring irrigation after winter dormancy, depending on soil moisture conditions.
- Taxon
- Winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- WIe7
- Outcome
- early or late spring irrigation after winter dormancye7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“Thus, WI should be replaced by early or late spring irrigation after winter dormancy depending on soil moisture conditions”
e0“Winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
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