Abstract
The influence of the location of Acidovorax citrulli in watermelon seeds on the efficiency of pathogen extraction and detection was investigated using seed lots generated by inoculating watermelon stigmas (pistil inoculation) or ovary pericarps (pericarp inoculation) with A. citrulli strain AAC00-1. Pistil inoculation results primarily in bacterial localisation in the seed embryo, whereas pericarp inoculation results in bacterial deposition under the seed coat. Acidovorax citrulli was extracted from watermelon seed samples (120 seeds per lot and inoculation method) by maceration or washing with phosphate-buffered saline. Total genomic DNA was purified from samples after the application of each extraction technique, and subjected to quantitative real-time PCR with A. citrulli-specific primers. To confirm PCR results, bacterial isolations were attempted from seed macerates and seed washes onto a semi-selective medium. Seed washing facilitated detection of A. citrulli from 80.0 and 82.5% of pericarp-inoculated seed lots by PCR and plating, respectively, as compared with 12.0 and 14.0% for pistil-inoculated seed lots. In contrast, maceration facilitated the detection of A. citrulli from ≥ 94% of the seed samples, regardless of inoculation method. Based on a seedling grow-out assay, 100% of the seed lots transmitted BFB to resulting seedlings. Additionally, A. citrulli populations from pericarpand pistil-inoculated seed lots were enumerated to determine bacterial recovery from seed washes and seed macerates by real-time PCR and plating on semi-selective agar plates. The frequency distribution of A. citrulli populations (log10 CFU g) in seed wash vs. seed macerate was not significantly different for pericarp-inoculated lots (P = 0.070). However, for pistil-inoculated lots, the difference between frequency distributions was statistically significant (P < 0.001). These results indicate that the ability to extract A. citrulli from watermelon seeds was influenced by the location of the pathogen. Irrespective of pathogen location, maceration was more effective than washing for extracting A. citrulli from infected watermelon seeds.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Seed washing detected A. citrulli in 80.0% of pericarp-inoculated seed lots by PCR.
- Taxon
- watermelon
Citrullus lanatust0 - Treatment
- Seed washinge1
- Interactor
- A. citrulliParacidovorax citrullie1pathogen
- Outcome
- detection of A. citrullie1
- Value
- 80.0e1
- Qualifier
- pericarp-inoculated seed lots by PCRe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Seed washing facilitated detection of A. citrulli from 80.0 and 82.5% of pericarp-inoculated seed lots by PCR and plating, respectively”
t0“Location of Acidovorax citrulli in watermelon seeds affects efficiency of pathogen detection by seed health testing”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed washing detected A. citrulli in 82.5% of pericarp-inoculated seed lots by plating.
- Taxon
- watermelonCitrullus lanatust0
- Treatment
- Seed washinge1
- Interactor
- A. citrulliParacidovorax citrullie1pathogen
- Outcome
- detection of A. citrullie1
- Value
- 82.5%e1
- Qualifier
- pericarp-inoculated seed lots by PCR and platinge1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Seed washing facilitated detection of A. citrulli from 80.0 and 82.5% of pericarp-inoculated seed lots by PCR and plating, respectively”
t0“Location of Acidovorax citrulli in watermelon seeds affects efficiency of pathogen detection by seed health testing”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed washing detected A. citrulli in 12.0% of pistil-inoculated seed lots by PCR.
- Taxon
- watermelonCitrullus lanatust0
- Treatment
- Seed washinge1
- Interactor
- A. citrulliParacidovorax citrullie1pathogen
- Outcome
- detection of A. citrullie1
- Value
- 12.0e2
- Qualifier
- pistil-inoculated seed lotse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Seed washing facilitated detection of A. citrulli from 80.0 and 82.5% of pericarp-inoculated seed lots by PCR and plating, respectively”
e2“as compared with 12.0 and 14.0% for pistil-inoculated seed lots”
t0“Location of Acidovorax citrulli in watermelon seeds affects efficiency of pathogen detection by seed health testing”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed washing detected A. citrulli in 14.0% of pistil-inoculated seed lots by plating.
- Taxon
- watermelonCitrullus lanatust0
- Treatment
- Seed washinge1
- Interactor
- A. citrulliParacidovorax citrullie1pathogen
- Outcome
- detection of A. citrullie1
- Value
- 14.0%e2
- Qualifier
- pistil-inoculated seed lotse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Seed washing facilitated detection of A. citrulli from 80.0 and 82.5% of pericarp-inoculated seed lots by PCR and plating, respectively”
e2“as compared with 12.0 and 14.0% for pistil-inoculated seed lots”
t0“Location of Acidovorax citrulli in watermelon seeds affects efficiency of pathogen detection by seed health testing”
Claim · model-written summary
Maceration detected A. citrulli in at least 94% of seed samples regardless of inoculation method.
- Taxon
- watermelonCitrullus lanatust0
- Treatment
- maceratione3
- Interactor
- A. citrulliParacidovorax citrullie3pathogen
- Outcome
- detection of A. citrullie3
- Value
- ≥ 94%e3
- Qualifier
- regardless of inoculation methode3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“maceration facilitated the detection of A. citrulli from ≥ 94% of the seed samples, regardless of inoculation method”
t0“Location of Acidovorax citrulli in watermelon seeds affects efficiency of pathogen detection by seed health testing”
Claim · model-written summary
All seed lots transmitted BFB to resulting seedlings in the seedling grow-out assay.
- Taxon
- watermelonCitrullus lanatust0
- Outcome
- transmitted BFB to resulting seedlingse4
- Value
- 100%e4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“Based on a seedling grow-out assay, 100% of the seed lots transmitted BFB to resulting seedlings”
t0“Location of Acidovorax citrulli in watermelon seeds affects efficiency of pathogen detection by seed health testing”
Claim · model-written summary
Frequency distributions of A. citrulli populations in seed wash and seed macerate did not differ significantly for pericarp-inoculated lots.
- Taxon
- watermelonCitrullus lanatust0
- Treatment
- seed wash vs. seed maceratee5
- Interactor
- A. citrulliParacidovorax citrullie5pathogen
- Outcome
- frequency distribution of A. citrulli populationse5
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede5
- Value
- P = 0.070e5
- Qualifier
- pericarp-inoculated lotse5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“The frequency distribution of A. citrulli populations (log10 CFU g) in seed wash vs. seed macerate was not significantly different for pericarp-inoculated lots (P = 0.070)”
t0“Location of Acidovorax citrulli in watermelon seeds affects efficiency of pathogen detection by seed health testing”
Claim · model-written summary
Frequency distributions of A. citrulli populations in seed wash and seed macerate differed significantly for pistil-inoculated lots.
- Taxon
- watermelonCitrullus lanatust0
- Treatment
- seed wash vs. seed maceratee5
- Interactor
- A. citrulliParacidovorax citrullie5pathogen
- Outcome
- frequency distribution of A. citrulli populationse5
- Value
- P < 0.001e6
- Qualifier
- for pistil-inoculated lotse6
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“The frequency distribution of A. citrulli populations (log10 CFU g) in seed wash vs. seed macerate was not significantly different for pericarp-inoculated lots (P = 0.070)”
e6“for pistil-inoculated lots, the difference between frequency distributions was statistically significant (P < 0.001)”
t0“Location of Acidovorax citrulli in watermelon seeds affects efficiency of pathogen detection by seed health testing”
Claim · model-written summary
Maceration was more effective than washing for extracting A. citrulli from watermelon seeds, irrespective of pathogen location.
- Taxon
- watermelonCitrullus lanatust0
- Treatment
- maceratione7
- Interactor
- A. citrulliParacidovorax citrullie7pathogen
- Outcome
- extracting A. citrullie7
- Direction
- more effectivee7
- Qualifier
- Irrespective of pathogen locatione7
- Comparator
- washinge7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“Irrespective of pathogen location, maceration was more effective than washing for extracting A. citrulli from infected watermelon seeds”
t0“Location of Acidovorax citrulli in watermelon seeds affects efficiency of pathogen detection by seed health testing”
The same questions in other papers
processing · Paracidovorax citrulli · Citrullus lanatus (watermelon)Results agree
3 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.