Abstract
Effects of tillage (till, no-till), mulch (none, dead Secale cereale), and crop competition (none, sweet corn) on weed seed production and seed banks are reported. Data are presented for Amaranthus retroflexus, Chenopodium album, Portulaca oleracea and Digitaria sanguinalis. These constituted the majority of the weeds present during the cropping season. Seed bank data for a suite of winter annuals active during the fallow season are also presented. Weed seed production was estimated by dimension analysis. Most seeds were produced by the first cohort of plants to emerge. Amaranthus and Digitaria showed significantly greater seed production in no-till than in till treatments. Seed production by Amaranthus, Chenopodium and Portulaca was significantly greater in the absence of a corn crop. The only effect of Secale cereale mulch was to decrease seed production by Portulaca in 1 year. Differences among treatments in the number of seeds produced per unit area were primarily due to effects on individual plant size and seed production. Effects on seedling density and rate of survival to maturity were of secondary importance. Seed banks of Digitaria were greater in no-till than in till treatments, whereas the seed banks of winter annual forbs were greater in till treatments. Presence of a corn crop did not affect seed banks until the final year of the study, at which time seed banks of Amaranthus, Chenopodium and Portulaca were greater in the absence of a crop. An uncropped treatment which did not receive herbicides had exceptionally large seed production and seed banks of Amaranthus and Chenopodium, but not Portulaca and Digitaria, which apparently suffered from competition with the two larger species.
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Claims 19
Claim · model-written summary
Amaranthus seed production was significantly greater in no-till than in till treatments.
- Taxon
- Amaranthus
_with_green_foliage%2C_photographed_in_Tamil_Nadu%2C_India.jpg?width=60)
Amaranthuse0 - Treatment
- no-tille0
- Outcome
- seed productione0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Comparator
- till treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_with_green_foliage%2C_photographed_in_Tamil_Nadu%2C_India.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Amaranthus and Digitaria showed significantly greater seed production in no-till than in till treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Digitaria seed production was significantly greater in no-till than in till treatments.
DigitariaOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Amaranthus and Digitaria showed significantly greater seed production in no-till than in till treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Amaranthus seed production was significantly greater in the absence of a corn crop.
- Taxon
- AmaranthusAmaranthuse1
- Treatment
- absence of a corn crope1
- Outcome
- Seed productione1
- Direction
- greatere1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Seed production by Amaranthus, Chenopodium and Portulaca was significantly greater in the absence of a corn crop”
Claim · model-written summary
Chenopodium seed production was significantly greater in the absence of a corn crop.
- Taxon
- Chenopodium
Chenopodiume1 - Treatment
- absence of a corn crope1
- Outcome
- Seed productione1
- Direction
- greatere1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Seed production by Amaranthus, Chenopodium and Portulaca was significantly greater in the absence of a corn crop”
Claim · model-written summary
Portulaca seed production was significantly greater in the absence of a corn crop.
PortulacaNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Seed production by Amaranthus, Chenopodium and Portulaca was significantly greater in the absence of a corn crop”
Claim · model-written summary
Secale cereale mulch decreased Portulaca seed production in one year.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“The only effect of Secale cereale mulch was to decrease seed production by Portulaca in 1 year”
Claim · model-written summary
Digitaria seed banks were greater in no-till than in till treatments.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“Seed banks of Digitaria were greater in no-till than in till treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed banks of winter annual forbs were greater in till treatments.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e4“whereas the seed banks of winter annual forbs were greater in till treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Presence of a corn crop did not affect weed seed banks until the final year of the study.
- Taxon
- weedse1
- Treatment
- Presence of a corn crope5
- Outcome
- seed bankse5
- Qualifier
- until the final year of the studye5
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Verbatim
e1“These constituted the majority of the weeds present during the cropping season”
e5“Presence of a corn crop did not affect seed banks until the final year of the study”
Claim · model-written summary
In the final year, Amaranthus seed banks were greater in the absence of a crop.
- Taxon
- AmaranthusAmaranthuse6
- Treatment
- absence of a crope6
- Outcome
- seed bankse6
- Direction
- greatere6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“at which time seed banks of Amaranthus, Chenopodium and Portulaca were greater in the absence of a crop”
Claim · model-written summary
In the final year, Chenopodium seed banks were greater in the absence of a crop.
- Taxon
- ChenopodiumChenopodiume6
- Treatment
- absence of a crope6
- Outcome
- seed bankse6
- Direction
- greatere6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“at which time seed banks of Amaranthus, Chenopodium and Portulaca were greater in the absence of a crop”
Claim · model-written summary
In the final year, Portulaca seed banks were greater in the absence of a crop.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“at which time seed banks of Amaranthus, Chenopodium and Portulaca were greater in the absence of a crop”
Claim · model-written summary
Amaranthus had exceptionally large seed production and seed banks in the uncropped treatment without herbicides.
- Taxon
- AmaranthusAmaranthuse7
- Treatment
- uncropped treatment which did not receive herbicidese7
- Outcome
- seed production and seed bankse7
- Direction
- exceptionally largee7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“An uncropped treatment which did not receive herbicides had exceptionally large seed production and seed banks of Amaranthus and Chenopodium, but not Portulaca and Digitaria, which apparently suffered from competition with the two larger species”
Claim · model-written summary
Chenopodium had exceptionally large seed production and seed banks in the uncropped treatment without herbicides.
- Taxon
- ChenopodiumChenopodiume7
- Treatment
- uncropped treatment which did not receive herbicidese7
- Outcome
- seed production and seed bankse7
- Direction
- exceptionally largee7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“An uncropped treatment which did not receive herbicides had exceptionally large seed production and seed banks of Amaranthus and Chenopodium, but not Portulaca and Digitaria, which apparently suffered from competition with the two larger species”
Claim · model-written summary
Portulaca did not show exceptionally large seed production or seed banks in the uncropped treatment, apparently through competition with the two larger species.
- Treatment
- uncropped treatment which did not receive herbicidese7
- Interactor
- Amaranthus and ChenopodiumChenopodiumAmaranthuse7weed
- Outcome
- seed production and seed bankse7
- Qualifier
- apparently suffered from competition with the two larger speciese7
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“An uncropped treatment which did not receive herbicides had exceptionally large seed production and seed banks of Amaranthus and Chenopodium, but not Portulaca and Digitaria, which apparently suffered from competition with the two larger species”
Claim · model-written summary
Digitaria did not show exceptionally large seed production or seed banks in the uncropped treatment, apparently through competition with the two larger species.
- Treatment
- uncropped treatment which did not receive herbicidese7
- Interactor
- Amaranthus and ChenopodiumChenopodiumAmaranthuse7weed
- Outcome
- seed production and seed bankse7
- Qualifier
- apparently suffered from competition with the two larger speciese7
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“An uncropped treatment which did not receive herbicides had exceptionally large seed production and seed banks of Amaranthus and Chenopodium, but not Portulaca and Digitaria, which apparently suffered from competition with the two larger species”
Claim · model-written summary
Most weed seeds were produced by the first cohort of plants to emerge.
Verbatim
e1“These constituted the majority of the weeds present during the cropping season”
e2“Most seeds were produced by the first cohort of plants to emerge”
Claim · model-written summary
Differences among treatments in seed number per unit area were primarily due to effects on individual plant size and seed production.
Verbatim
e1“These constituted the majority of the weeds present during the cropping season”
e2“Differences among treatments in the number of seeds produced per unit area were primarily due to effects on individual plant size and seed production”
Claim · model-written summary
Effects on weed seedling density and rate of survival to maturity were of secondary importance.
Verbatim
e1“These constituted the majority of the weeds present during the cropping season”
e2“Effects on seedling density and rate of survival to maturity were of secondary importance”
The same questions in other papers
tillage · yield · AmaranthusPositive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.