Abstract
A dwarf type of beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) was used for these experiments. They were planted on the field in different spacing (10×10 cm, 30×30 cm) and were applied different amount of fertilizer. The structure of leaves grown under such growing conditions was investigated microscopically. So far as these experiments were concerned, the difference of fertilizing made no effect on the structure of leaves, but the difference of spacing made a conspicuous effect, although fertilizing increased leaf size markedly. The leaves grown under closer spacing reduced their thickness and had sparse arrangement of mesophyll cells and broader areoles compared with the ones grown under thinner spacing. The development of these leaves were investigated anatomically and it was revealed that such differences occurred at the time when the leaf began to expand rapidly. Before this stage and when the cell division prevailed over the leaf, no difference was to be observed between the leaves grown under different growing conditions. The structure of leaves grown under closer spacing coincides with the structure of so-called "shade leaf". Under closer spacing, the light intensity at the level of growing point was 60∼70 per cent of that of thinner spacing. Therefore, it is inferred that the main factor which produces change of leaf structure above mentioned may be light intensity. Shading treaments gave the same effect on the structure of leaves as that of closer spacing, and moreover it is found that the shading at the expanding stage was most effective in causing the change of leaf structure.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Fertilizer amount did not alter leaf structure.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgaris
Phaseolus vulgarist0 - Treatment
- fertilizinge0
- Outcome
- structure of leavese0
- Direction
- no effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Phaseolus vulgaris”
e0“the difference of fertilizing made no effect on the structure of leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
Fertilizing markedly increased leaf size.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- fertilizinge0
- Outcome
- leaf sizee0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Phaseolus vulgaris”
e0“fertilizing increased leaf size markedly”
Claim · model-written summary
Closer spacing changed leaf thickness relative to thinner spacing.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- closer spacinge0
- Outcome
- thicknesse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- thinner spacinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Phaseolus vulgaris”
e0“The leaves grown under closer spacing reduced their thickness and had sparse arrangement of mesophyll cells and broader areoles compared with the ones grown under thinner spacing.”
Claim · model-written summary
Closer spacing changed leaf arrangement of mesophyll cells relative to thinner spacing.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- closer spacinge0
- Outcome
- arrangement of mesophyll cellse0
- Direction
- sparsee0
- Comparator
- thinner spacinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Phaseolus vulgaris”
e0“The leaves grown under closer spacing reduced their thickness and had sparse arrangement of mesophyll cells and broader areoles compared with the ones grown under thinner spacing.”
Claim · model-written summary
Closer spacing changed leaf areoles relative to thinner spacing.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- closer spacinge0
- Outcome
- areolese0
- Direction
- broadere0
- Comparator
- thinner spacinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Phaseolus vulgaris”
e0“The leaves grown under closer spacing reduced their thickness and had sparse arrangement of mesophyll cells and broader areoles compared with the ones grown under thinner spacing.”
Claim · model-written summary
Spacing-associated leaf structural differences appeared as leaves began rapid expansion.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Organ / stage
- leafe0
- Outcome
- differencese0
- Qualifier
- began to expand rapidlye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Phaseolus vulgaris”
e0“such differences occurred at the time when the leaf began to expand rapidly”
Claim · model-written summary
Before rapid expansion, leaf structure did not differ between growing conditions.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Organ / stage
- leafe0
- Treatment
- different growing conditionse0
- Outcome
- no differencee0
- Direction
- no differencee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Phaseolus vulgaris”
e0“Before this stage and when the cell division prevailed over the leaf, no difference was to be observed between the leaves grown under different growing conditions.”
Claim · model-written summary
Closer-spaced leaves had a shade-leaf structure.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- closer spacinge0
- Outcome
- structure of so-called "shade leaf"e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Phaseolus vulgaris”
e0“The structure of leaves grown under closer spacing coincides with the structure of so-called "shade leaf".”
Claim · model-written summary
Closer spacing reduced light intensity at the growing point to 60∼70 per cent of thinner spacing.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- closer spacinge0
- Outcome
- light intensity at the level of growing pointe0
- Value
- 60∼70 per cente0
- Comparator
- thinner spacinge0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Phaseolus vulgaris”
e0“Under closer spacing, the light intensity at the level of growing point was 60∼70 per cent of that of thinner spacing.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors inferred that light intensity may explain the leaf structural change.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Outcome
- change of leaf structuree0
- Qualifier
- light intensitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Phaseolus vulgaris”
e0“the main factor which produces change of leaf structure above mentioned may be light intensity”
Claim · model-written summary
Shading produced the same leaf structural effect as closer spacing.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- Shading treamentse0
- Outcome
- structure of leavese0
- Direction
- same effecte0
- Comparator
- closer spacinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Phaseolus vulgaris”
e0“Shading treaments gave the same effect on the structure of leaves as that of closer spacing”
Claim · model-written summary
Shading during leaf expansion was most effective at changing leaf structure.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- shading at the expanding stagee0
- Outcome
- change of leaf structuree0
- Direction
- most effectivee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Phaseolus vulgaris”
e0“the shading at the expanding stage was most effective in causing the change of leaf structure”
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See all 143 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.