Abstract
Drip and micro-sprinkler irrigation systems were compared in a Thompson Seedless/Ramsey table grape vineyard in a weathered granite-gneiss soil in the Lower Orange River region. For each system, two different irrigation strategies were investigated. Drip irrigation frequencies of two days or longer, induced more water constraints in grapevines compared to micro-sprinkler irrigation applied at the same frequencies in the 1996/97 and 1997/98 seasons. Higher water constraints imposed by drip irrigation had negative effects on vegetative growth, berry size and grape quality compared to micro-sprinkler irrigation. However, responses of drip irrigated grapevines were comparable to micro-sprinkler irrigated grapevines when drip irrigations were applied daily in the 1998/99 and 1999/2000 seasons. Daily, early morning drip irrigation increased evapotranspiration (ET) by 6% compared to drip during the warmest part of the day. Drip irrigation suppressed weed growth considerably compared to micro-sprinklers. Daily ET of the drip irrigated grapevines was substantially lower compared to micro-sprinkler irrigated grapevines that received either two or three irrigations per week. In the case of micro-sprinklers, the higher frequency increased ET by 8% compared to the lower irrigation frequency. Since micro-sprinkler irrigation invariably produced higher yields than drip irrigation during the four seasons, it should be the preferred system for irrigation of table grapes under the given atmospheric and soil conditions. If water resources are limited, or if high water cost reduces table grape profitabifity, drip irrigation merits consideration as an alternative. However, daily drip irrigation will be required during the growing season to maintain acceptable yields and grape quality.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Drip irrigation at frequencies of two days or longer induced more water constraints in grapevines than micro-sprinkler irrigation at the same frequencies in 1996/97 and 1997/98.
Verbatim
t0“Table Grapes”
e1“Drip irrigation frequencies of two days or longer, induced more water constraints in grapevines compared to micro-sprinkler irrigation applied at the same frequencies in the 1996/97 and 1997/98 seasons”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher water constraints imposed by drip irrigation had negative effects on vegetative growth, berry size and grape quality compared with micro-sprinkler irrigation.
Verbatim
t0“Table Grapes”
e2“Higher water constraints imposed by drip irrigation had negative effects on vegetative growth, berry size and grape quality compared to micro-sprinkler irrigation”
Claim · model-written summary
Drip-irrigated grapevines had responses comparable to micro-sprinkler-irrigated grapevines when drip was applied daily in 1998/99 and 1999/2000.
Verbatim
t0“Table Grapes”
e3“responses of drip irrigated grapevines were comparable to micro-sprinkler irrigated grapevines when drip irrigations were applied daily in the 1998/99 and 1999/2000 seasons”
Claim · model-written summary
Daily early morning drip irrigation increased evapotranspiration (ET) by 6% compared with drip irrigation during the warmest part of the day.
Verbatim
t0“Table Grapes”
e4“Daily, early morning drip irrigation increased evapotranspiration (ET) by 6% compared to drip during the warmest part of the day”
Claim · model-written summary
In micro-sprinkler irrigation, the higher irrigation frequency increased ET by 8% compared with the lower irrigation frequency.
Verbatim
t0“Table Grapes”
e5“In the case of micro-sprinklers, the higher frequency increased ET by 8% compared to the lower irrigation frequency”
Claim · model-written summary
Daily ET of drip-irrigated grapevines was substantially lower than that of micro-sprinkler-irrigated grapevines receiving two or three irrigations per week.
Verbatim
t0“Table Grapes”
e6“Daily ET of the drip irrigated grapevines was substantially lower compared to micro-sprinkler irrigated grapevines that received either two or three irrigations per week”
Claim · model-written summary
Drip irrigation suppressed weed growth considerably compared with micro-sprinklers.
Verbatim
t0“Table Grapes”
e7“Drip irrigation suppressed weed growth considerably compared to micro-sprinklers”
Claim · model-written summary
Micro-sprinkler irrigation invariably produced higher yields than drip irrigation over the four seasons.
Verbatim
t0“Table Grapes”
e1“Since micro-sprinkler irrigation invariably produced higher yields than drip irrigation during the four seasons”
Claim · model-written summary
Micro-sprinkler irrigation should be the preferred irrigation system for table grapes under the given atmospheric and soil conditions.
Verbatim
e1“it should be the preferred system for irrigation of table grapes under the given atmospheric and soil conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Drip irrigation merits consideration as an alternative to micro-sprinklers where water resources are limited or water cost reduces table grape profitability.
Verbatim
e1“If water resources are limited, or if high water cost reduces table grape profitabifity, drip irrigation merits consideration as an alternative”
Claim · model-written summary
Daily drip irrigation is required during the growing season to maintain acceptable yields and table grape quality.
Verbatim
t0“Table Grapes”
e1“daily drip irrigation will be required during the growing season to maintain acceptable yields and grape quality”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.