Abstract
Introduction: Worldwide, more than one-third of irrigated land is salinized, and in many regions, fresh water shortage has resulted in restrictions on the use of potable water for landscape irrigation. On the other hand, rapidly expanding population growth is occurring in many arid regions, where soil and water salinity are problems and there are increased demands on limited fresh water resources (9). In the turf grass industry, with the increased use of saline and non-potable water, the development of turf grass landscapes in arid and seashore regions where saline soil is common, and with the use of salt for deicing roadways, the need for salinity tolerant turf grasses is very important (16).Seed germination and early seedling growth is usually the most critical stage in plant establishment, and determining successful crop production (23). Tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schrub.) is an important perennial cool-season grass in temperate regions and it is widely used for both forage and turf purposes (25). There is no study on the evaluation of salinity on tall fescue native populations in Iran. The major objective of this study is to determine the relative salt tolerance and growth response of native populations of tall fescue to salinity in germination stage. Materials and Methods: In this experiment, seeds of some native populations of tall fescue (TF) (F. arundinacea Schreb) including: Semirom, Mashhad, Sanandaj, Sanajan, Yasuj, Yazd Abad, Daran, Kamyaran, Gandoman, Borujen, Nasir Abad, Alborz and commercial TF (C. TF) seeds were used. Four replicates of 25 seeds were germinated on filter papers with 5 ml of NaCl concentrations placed in 9 cm Petri dishes. NaCl concentrations included: 0, 45, 90 and 135 milimolar. The Petri dishes were transferred to germinator at 23°C.Germinated seeds were counted on the3rd, 5th, 8th, 11th and 14th days. Germination was considered to have occurred when the root length was 2 mm long. The seedling with short, thick, and spiral formed hypocotyls and stunted primary root were considered as abnormally germinated. Then, the total germination percentage, germination rate, root length and shoot length were calculated on Day 15. The vigor index was calculated as VI= (RL+SL)×GP, where for the VI, RL is the root length, SL is the shoot length and GP is the germination percentage. Root length and shoot length were measured manually with a ruler. The experimental design was a completely randomized design with 4 replications and 25 seed per replicate. The data were statistically analyzed by JMP 8.0. The difference between the means was compared using LSD values (P < 0.01). Results and Discussion: The results indicated that the increase of salinity level leads to a significant decrease in germination percentage, germination rate, length of shoot, root and vigor index in all genotypes. Also, interaction of salinity and genotype was significant for germination percentage, germination rate, and vigor index. The highest germination percentage was related to Mashhad population at 45 milimolar, and Daran population at 90 and 135 milimolar. Also, the lowest germination percentage was related to Kamyaran population at 45 and 90 milimolar and Commercial tall fescue at 135 milimolar. Mashhad population at 135 milimolar, Daran population at 90 and 135 milimolar had the highest germination rates. The lowest germination rate was recorded at 45, 90 and 135 milimolar in Commercial tall fescue, Kamyaran and Sanandaj populations, respectively. The highest root length was seen in Commercial tall fescue at 90 and 135 milimolar, and Mashhad population at 45 milimolar. For shoot length factor, Mashhad population, Commercial tall fescue and Mashhad population had the highest lengths at 135, 90 and 45 milimolar, respectively. The highest vigor index was related to Mashhad, Daran and Mashhad populations, at 45, 90 and 135 milimolar, respectively. NaCl has an inhibitory effect on seedgermination and its effect on germination showed time course dependence for absorption of Na and Cl by thehypocotyls (28).Increasing salinity levels caused delays in seedlingemergence as a result of reducing cell division and plant growth metabolism (28). The negative effect of salinity on seed germination and early growth could be due to the toxic effects of NaCl on seeds, or to the osmotic effect, that prevents the seeds from imbibitions (21). Conclusion: Major grasses mentioned above could tolerate 45 milimolar salinity without noticeable changes in germination traits. Mashhad and Brujen populations were least affected by 135 Mm Nacl at germination rate and percentage. Also, Daran and Mashhad populations were least affected by different salinity levels in all germination factors compared to other populations and could be suggested as salt-tolerant genotypes at germination stage.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing salinity significantly decreased germination percentage and germination rate in all genotypes.
- Taxon
- tall fescue
Lolium arundinaceume0 - Treatment
- increase of salinity levele1
- Outcome
- germination percentage, germination ratee1
- Direction
- decreasee1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“seeds of some native populations of tall fescue (TF) (F. arundinacea Schreb)”
e1“The results indicated that the increase of salinity level leads to a significant decrease in germination percentage, germination rate, length of shoot, root and vigor index in all genotypes”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing salinity significantly decreased shoot length, root length and vigor index in all genotypes.
- Taxon
- tall fescueLolium arundinaceume0
- Treatment
- increase of salinity levele1
- Outcome
- length of shoot, root and vigor indexe1
- Direction
- decreasee1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“seeds of some native populations of tall fescue (TF) (F. arundinacea Schreb)”
e1“The results indicated that the increase of salinity level leads to a significant decrease in germination percentage, germination rate, length of shoot, root and vigor index in all genotypes”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity and genotype interacted significantly for germination percentage, germination rate and vigor index.
- Taxon
- tall fescueLolium arundinaceume0
- Material
- genotypee2
- Treatment
- salinitye2
- Outcome
- germination percentage, germination rate, and vigor indexe2
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“seeds of some native populations of tall fescue (TF) (F. arundinacea Schreb)”
e2“interaction of salinity and genotype was significant for germination percentage, germination rate, and vigor index”
Claim · model-written summary
Mashhad population at 45 mM had the highest germination percentage.
- Taxon
- tall fescueLolium arundinaceume0
- Material
- Mashhad populatione3
- Treatment
- 45 milimolare3
- Outcome
- germination percentagee3
- Direction
- higheste3
- Qualifier
- Daran population at 90 and 135 milimolare3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“seeds of some native populations of tall fescue (TF) (F. arundinacea Schreb)”
e3“The highest germination percentage was related to Mashhad population at 45 milimolar, and Daran population at 90 and 135 milimolar”
Claim · model-written summary
Kamyaran population at 45 and 90 mM had the lowest germination percentage.
- Taxon
- tall fescueLolium arundinaceume0
- Material
- Kamyaran populatione4
- Treatment
- 45 and 90 milimolare4
- Outcome
- germination percentagee4
- Direction
- loweste4
- Qualifier
- Commercial tall fescue at 135 milimolare4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“seeds of some native populations of tall fescue (TF) (F. arundinacea Schreb)”
e4“the lowest germination percentage was related to Kamyaran population at 45 and 90 milimolar and Commercial tall fescue at 135 milimolar”
Claim · model-written summary
Mashhad population at 135 mM had the highest germination rate.
- Taxon
- tall fescueLolium arundinaceume0
- Material
- Mashhad populatione5
- Treatment
- 135 milimolare5
- Outcome
- germination ratee5
- Direction
- higheste5
- Qualifier
- Daran population at 90 and 135 milimolare5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“seeds of some native populations of tall fescue (TF) (F. arundinacea Schreb)”
e5“Mashhad population at 135 milimolar, Daran population at 90 and 135 milimolar had the highest germination rates”
Claim · model-written summary
Commercial tall fescue had the lowest germination rate at 45 mM.
- Taxon
- tall fescueLolium arundinaceume0
- Material
- Commercial tall fescuee6
- Treatment
- 45, 90 and 135 milimolare6
- Outcome
- germination ratee6
- Direction
- loweste6
- Qualifier
- Kamyaran and Sanandaj populationse6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“seeds of some native populations of tall fescue (TF) (F. arundinacea Schreb)”
e6“The lowest germination rate was recorded at 45, 90 and 135 milimolar in Commercial tall fescue, Kamyaran and Sanandaj populations, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Commercial tall fescue had the highest root length at 90 and 135 mM.
- Taxon
- tall fescueLolium arundinaceume0
- Material
- Commercial tall fescuee7
- Treatment
- 90 and 135 milimolare7
- Outcome
- root lengthe7
- Direction
- higheste7
- Qualifier
- Mashhad population at 45 milimolare7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“seeds of some native populations of tall fescue (TF) (F. arundinacea Schreb)”
e7“The highest root length was seen in Commercial tall fescue at 90 and 135 milimolar, and Mashhad population at 45 milimolar”
Claim · model-written summary
Mashhad population had the highest shoot length at 135 mM.
- Taxon
- tall fescueLolium arundinaceume0
- Material
- Mashhad populatione1
- Treatment
- 135, 90 and 45 milimolare1
- Outcome
- shoot lengthe1
- Direction
- higheste1
- Qualifier
- Commercial tall fescuee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“seeds of some native populations of tall fescue (TF) (F. arundinacea Schreb)”
e1“For shoot length factor, Mashhad population, Commercial tall fescue and Mashhad population had the highest lengths at 135, 90 and 45 milimolar, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Mashhad population had the highest vigor index at 45 and 135 mM.
- Taxon
- tall fescueLolium arundinaceume0
- Material
- Mashhade2
- Treatment
- 45, 90 and 135 milimolare2
- Outcome
- vigor indexe2
- Direction
- higheste2
- Qualifier
- Darane2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“seeds of some native populations of tall fescue (TF) (F. arundinacea Schreb)”
e2“The highest vigor index was related to Mashhad, Daran and Mashhad populations, at 45, 90 and 135 milimolar, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Major grasses tolerated 45 mM salinity without noticeable changes in germination traits.
- Taxon
- tall fescueLolium arundinaceume0
- Treatment
- 45 milimolar salinitye2
- Outcome
- germination traitse2
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“seeds of some native populations of tall fescue (TF) (F. arundinacea Schreb)”
e2“Major grasses mentioned above could tolerate 45 milimolar salinity without noticeable changes in germination traits”
Claim · model-written summary
Mashhad and Brujen populations were least affected by 135 mM NaCl in germination rate and percentage.
- Taxon
- tall fescueLolium arundinaceume0
- Material
- Mashhad and Brujen populationse2
- Treatment
- 135 Mm Nacle2
- Outcome
- germination rate and percentagee2
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“seeds of some native populations of tall fescue (TF) (F. arundinacea Schreb)”
e2“Mashhad and Brujen populations were least affected by 135 Mm Nacl at germination rate and percentage”
Claim · model-written summary
Daran and Mashhad populations were least affected by salinity at germination and are suggested as salt-tolerant genotypes.
- Taxon
- tall fescueLolium arundinaceume0
- Material
- Daran and Mashhad populationse1
- Treatment
- different salinity levelse1
- Outcome
- germination factorse1
- Comparator
- other populationse1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“seeds of some native populations of tall fescue (TF) (F. arundinacea Schreb)”
e1“Daran and Mashhad populations were least affected by different salinity levels in all germination factors compared to other populations and could be suggested as salt-tolerant genotypes at germination stage”
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