Abstract
The involvement of ethylene in fruit ripening is well documented, though knowledge regarding the crosstalk between ethylene and other hormones in ripening is lacking. We discovered that AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR 2A (ARF2A), a recognized auxin signaling component, functions in the control of ripening. ARF2A expression is ripening regulated and reduced in the rin, nor and nr ripening mutants. It is also responsive to exogenous application of ethylene, auxin and abscisic acid (ABA). Over-expressing ARF2A in tomato resulted in blotchy ripening in which certain fruit regions turn red and possess accelerated ripening. ARF2A over-expressing fruit displayed early ethylene emission and ethylene signaling inhibition delayed their ripening phenotype, suggesting ethylene dependency. Both green and red fruit regions showed the induction of ethylene signaling components and master regulators of ripening. Comprehensive hormone profiling revealed that altered ARF2A expression in fruit significantly modified abscisates, cytokinins and salicylic acid while gibberellic acid and auxin metabolites were unaffected. Silencing of ARF2A further validated these observations as reducing ARF2A expression let to retarded fruit ripening, parthenocarpy and a disturbed hormonal profile. Finally, we show that ARF2A both homodimerizes and interacts with the ABA STRESS RIPENING (ASR1) protein, suggesting that ASR1 might be linking ABA and ethylene-dependent ripening. These results revealed that ARF2A interconnects signals of ethylene and additional hormones to co-ordinate the capacity of fruit tissue to initiate the complex ripening process.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record; open copy licensed cc-by. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
ARF2A, an auxin signaling component, functions in the control of tomato fruit ripening.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicumt0 - Gene
- AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR 2A (ARF2A)e1
- Outcome
- control of ripeninge1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Regulation of Tomato Fruit Ripening”
e1“We discovered that AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR 2A (ARF2A), a recognized auxin signaling component, functions in the control of ripening”
Claim · model-written summary
ARF2A expression is reduced in the rin, nor and nr ripening mutants.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Material
- rin, nor and nr ripening mutantse2
- Gene
- ARF2Ae2
- Outcome
- ARF2A expressione2
- Direction
- reducede2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Regulation of Tomato Fruit Ripening”
e2“ARF2A expression is ripening regulated and reduced in the rin, nor and nr ripening mutants”
Claim · model-written summary
ARF2A expression responds to exogenous ethylene, auxin and abscisic acid.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- exogenous application of ethylene, auxin and abscisic acide3
- Outcome
- ARF2A expressione4
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Regulation of Tomato Fruit Ripening”
e3“It is also responsive to exogenous application of ethylene, auxin and abscisic acid (ABA)”
e4“ARF2A expression is ripening regulated and reduced in the rin, nor and nr ripening mutants”
Claim · model-written summary
Over-expressing ARF2A in tomato resulted in blotchy ripening.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume5
- Treatment
- Over-expressing ARF2Ae5
- Outcome
- blotchy ripeninge5
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Regulation of Tomato Fruit Ripening”
e5“Over-expressing ARF2A in tomato resulted in blotchy ripening in which certain fruit regions turn red and possess accelerated ripening”
Claim · model-written summary
Over-expressing ARF2A accelerated ripening in certain fruit regions.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume5
- Organ / stage
- certain fruit regionse5
- Treatment
- Over-expressing ARF2Ae5
- Outcome
- ripeninge5
- Direction
- acceleratede5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Regulation of Tomato Fruit Ripening”
e5“Over-expressing ARF2A in tomato resulted in blotchy ripening in which certain fruit regions turn red and possess accelerated ripening”
Claim · model-written summary
ARF2A over-expressing fruit displayed early ethylene emission.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- ARF2A over-expressinge6
- Outcome
- ethylene emissione6
- Direction
- earlye6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Regulation of Tomato Fruit Ripening”
e6“ARF2A over-expressing fruit displayed early ethylene emission and ethylene signaling inhibition delayed their ripening phenotype, suggesting ethylene dependency”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethylene signaling inhibition delayed the ripening phenotype of ARF2A over-expressing fruit.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- ethylene signaling inhibitione6
- Outcome
- ripening phenotypee6
- Direction
- delayede6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Regulation of Tomato Fruit Ripening”
e6“ARF2A over-expressing fruit displayed early ethylene emission and ethylene signaling inhibition delayed their ripening phenotype, suggesting ethylene dependency”
Claim · model-written summary
The ARF2A-driven ripening phenotype suggests ethylene dependency.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Compound
- ethylenee6
- Outcome
- ripeninge6
- Qualifier
- ethylene dependencye6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Regulation of Tomato Fruit Ripening”
e6“ARF2A over-expressing fruit displayed early ethylene emission and ethylene signaling inhibition delayed their ripening phenotype, suggesting ethylene dependency”
Claim · model-written summary
Green and red fruit regions both showed induction of ethylene signaling components and master regulators of ripening.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Organ / stage
- green and red fruit regionse7
- Outcome
- ethylene signaling components and master regulators of ripeninge7
- Direction
- inductione7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Regulation of Tomato Fruit Ripening”
e7“Both green and red fruit regions showed the induction of ethylene signaling components and master regulators of ripening”
Claim · model-written summary
Altered ARF2A expression in fruit significantly modified abscisates, cytokinins and salicylic acid.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Organ / stage
- fruite1
- Treatment
- altered ARF2A expressione1
- Outcome
- abscisates, cytokinins and salicylic acide1
- Direction
- significantly modifiede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Regulation of Tomato Fruit Ripening”
e1“Comprehensive hormone profiling revealed that altered ARF2A expression in fruit significantly modified abscisates, cytokinins and salicylic acid while gibberellic acid and auxin metabolites were unaffected”
Claim · model-written summary
Altered ARF2A expression in fruit left gibberellic acid and auxin metabolites unaffected.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Organ / stage
- fruite1
- Treatment
- altered ARF2A expressione1
- Outcome
- gibberellic acid and auxin metabolitese1
- Direction
- unaffectede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Regulation of Tomato Fruit Ripening”
e1“Comprehensive hormone profiling revealed that altered ARF2A expression in fruit significantly modified abscisates, cytokinins and salicylic acid while gibberellic acid and auxin metabolites were unaffected”
Claim · model-written summary
Silencing of ARF2A retarded fruit ripening.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Silencing of ARF2Ae1
- Outcome
- fruit ripeninge1
- Direction
- retardede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Regulation of Tomato Fruit Ripening”
e1“Silencing of ARF2A further validated these observations as reducing ARF2A expression let to retarded fruit ripening, parthenocarpy and a disturbed hormonal profile”
Claim · model-written summary
Silencing of ARF2A induced parthenocarpy.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Silencing of ARF2Ae1
- Outcome
- parthenocarpye1
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Regulation of Tomato Fruit Ripening”
e1“Silencing of ARF2A further validated these observations as reducing ARF2A expression let to retarded fruit ripening, parthenocarpy and a disturbed hormonal profile”
Claim · model-written summary
Silencing of ARF2A disturbed the hormonal profile.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Silencing of ARF2Ae1
- Outcome
- hormonal profilee1
- Direction
- disturbede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Regulation of Tomato Fruit Ripening”
e1“Silencing of ARF2A further validated these observations as reducing ARF2A expression let to retarded fruit ripening, parthenocarpy and a disturbed hormonal profile”
Claim · model-written summary
ARF2A homodimerizes and interacts with the ASR1 protein.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Gene
- ARF2Ae1
- Outcome
- homodimerizes and interacts with the ABA STRESS RIPENING (ASR1) proteine1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Regulation of Tomato Fruit Ripening”
e1“ARF2A both homodimerizes and interacts with the ABA STRESS RIPENING (ASR1) protein, suggesting that ASR1 might be linking ABA and ethylene-dependent ripening”
Claim · model-written summary
ASR1 might link ABA and ethylene-dependent ripening.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Gene
- ASR1e1
- Outcome
- ripeninge1
- Qualifier
- might be linking ABA and ethylene-dependent ripeninge1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Regulation of Tomato Fruit Ripening”
e1“ARF2A both homodimerizes and interacts with the ABA STRESS RIPENING (ASR1) protein, suggesting that ASR1 might be linking ABA and ethylene-dependent ripening”
Claim · model-written summary
ARF2A interconnects ethylene and additional hormone signals to coordinate the capacity of fruit tissue to initiate ripening.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Gene
- ARF2Ae1
- Outcome
- capacity of fruit tissue to initiate the complex ripening processe1
- Qualifier
- interconnects signals of ethylene and additional hormonese1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Regulation of Tomato Fruit Ripening”
e1“ARF2A interconnects signals of ethylene and additional hormones to co-ordinate the capacity of fruit tissue to initiate the complex ripening process”
The same questions in other papers
class · physiology: hormones · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Positive and negative results
5 papers in the same direction as this paper · 3 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
5 papers more in this group
See all 9 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.