Abstract
The molecular basis of Trichoderma -plant interaction is very complex and still not completely understood. The colonization of the root system by rhizosphere competent strains of Trichoderma results in increased development of root/aerial systems, in improved yields and in plant disease control. Other beneficial effects, such as the induction of plant systemic resistance, have also been described. To understand the mechanisms involved we are using different approaches, including the making of transformants expressing genes that encode for compounds able to affect plant response to pathogens. Trichoderma transformants carrying the avirulence gene Avr4 from Cladosporium fulvum under the control of constitutive and inducible promoters were obtained and tested on tomato plants having the Cf4 resistance gene. Necrosis and suberification zones, similar to the symptoms appearing during Cladosporium-tomato interaction, were found when the roots of the Cf4 plants were treated with Avr4-Trichoderma. This demonstrates that selected Trichoderma strains are able to transfer to the plant molecules that may deeply affect metabolism, disease resistance etc. Therefore, these beneficial fungi can be regarded as biotechnological tools to provide a variety of crops with useful compounds. Moreover, in in vitro competition assays the transformants were found to be more effective as antagonists against Alternaria alternata than the wild type. Trichoderma sends a variety of biochemical signals to the plants including avirulence molecules; therefore the presence of avr-like proteins in the fungus proteome was investigated. Proteome analysis has permitted us to isolate and sequence many proteins potentially having this function. From the extracellular protein extracts, we have purified and sequenced a protein with structural characteristics similar to Avr4 of C. fulvum. The protein, Hytra1, was found to be a hydrophobin with chitin binding activity, the typical 8 cysteine residues, and 4 disulfide bridges. Infiltrations of the extracellular protein fractions containing Hytral resulted in a strong HR reaction on tobacco and tomato leaves, and induction of a novel phytoalexin.
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Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
Avr4-Trichoderma treatment caused necrosis and suberification in Cf4 tomato roots.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicume1 - Treatment
- Avr4-Trichodermae0
- Interactor
- Trichoderma
Trichodermae0other - Gene
- Cf4e0
- Outcome
- Necrosis and suberification zonese0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Necrosis and suberification zones, similar to the symptoms appearing during Cladosporium-tomato interaction, were found when the roots of the Cf4 plants were treated with Avr4-Trichoderma”
e1“tomato plants having the Cf4 resistance gene”
Claim · model-written summary
The transformants were stronger antagonists of Alternaria alternata than wild type.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Interactor
- Alternaria alternata
.jpg?width=60)
Alternaria alternatae0pathogen - Second interactor
- transformantse0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- antagonists against Alternaria alternatae0
- Direction
- more effectivee0
- Comparator
- wild typee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“the transformants were found to be more effective as antagonists against Alternaria alternata than the wild type”
e1“tomato plants having the Cf4 resistance gene”
Claim · model-written summary
Proteome analysis isolated and sequenced proteins potentially with avirulence function.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Outcome
- isolate and sequence many proteinse0
- Qualifier
- potentially having this functione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Proteome analysis has permitted us to isolate and sequence many proteins potentially having this function”
e1“tomato plants having the Cf4 resistance gene”
Claim · model-written summary
Hytra1 was identified as a hydrophobin with chitin binding and characteristic cysteine and bridge structure.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Gene
- Hytra1e0
- Outcome
- hydrophobin with chitin binding activitye0
- Qualifier
- the typical 8 cysteine residues, and 4 disulfide bridgese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The protein, Hytra1, was found to be a hydrophobin with chitin binding activity, the typical 8 cysteine residues, and 4 disulfide bridges”
e1“tomato plants having the Cf4 resistance gene”
Claim · model-written summary
Fractions containing Hytral elicited a strong HR reaction in tobacco leaves.
- Taxon
- tobacco
Nicotiana tabacume0 - Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- extracellular protein fractions containing Hytrale0
- Gene
- Hytrale0
- Outcome
- strong HR reactione0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Infiltrations of the extracellular protein fractions containing Hytral resulted in a strong HR reaction on tobacco and tomato leaves, and induction of a novel phytoalexin”
Claim · model-written summary
Fractions containing Hytral elicited a strong HR reaction in tomato leaves.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- extracellular protein fractions containing Hytrale0
- Gene
- Hytrale0
- Outcome
- strong HR reactione0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Infiltrations of the extracellular protein fractions containing Hytral resulted in a strong HR reaction on tobacco and tomato leaves, and induction of a novel phytoalexin”
Claim · model-written summary
The protein fractions induced a novel phytoalexin.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- extracellular protein fractions containing Hytrale0
- Outcome
- induction of a novel phytoalexine0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Infiltrations of the extracellular protein fractions containing Hytral resulted in a strong HR reaction on tobacco and tomato leaves, and induction of a novel phytoalexin”
The same questions in other papers
Trichoderma · disease · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 25 in the opposite direction
- positive
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See all 27 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.