Abstract
Abstract In humid tropical areas, a combination of factors related to soil conditions for root development contribute to decreased nutrient use efficiency. Our aim was to evaluate the combined effects of the application of gypsum and mulch from leguminous trees on rootability of root zone soil, root growth, phosphorus recovery efficiency and maize yield in a sandy loam soil prone to hardsetting. The experiment involved a randomized block design with four replications and six treatments: no residue or gypsum (control, C); leguminous residues (L); leguminous residues and 6 t/ha of gypsum ( LG 6); urea and 6 t/ha of gypsum ( UG 6); leguminous residues, urea and 6 t/ha of gypsum ( LUG 6); and leguminous residues, urea and 12 t/ha of gypsum ( LUG 12). Application of gypsum plus leguminous residues enhanced soil rootability, when applied to a tropical Arenic Hapludult, through the combined effects of increased porosity and decreased penetration resistance. These improvements facilitated root growth in deeper soil layers and greater nutrient uptake. Application of leguminous residues increased the input and retention of calcium in deeper layers. The use of large amounts of gypsum with leguminous residue, despite a significant increase in phosphorus uptake, did not result in a proportional increase in maize yield. Given the small differences in calcium content between the 6 and 12 t/ha gypsum treatments, applying a low dose of gypsum combined with leguminous residue, rather than administering a single large gypsum dose, is recommended for tropical sandy loam soils with low cation retention capacities.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Gypsum plus leguminous residues enhanced soil rootability in a tropical Arenic Hapludult.
- Treatment
- gypsum plus leguminous residuese1
- Outcome
- soil rootabilitye1
- Direction
- enhancede1
- Comparator
- no residue or gypsum (control, C)e0
- Setting
- tropical Arenic Hapludulte1
Zea maysOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“to increase the yield of maize”
e0“no residue or gypsum (control, C)”
e1“Application of gypsum plus leguminous residues enhanced soil rootability, when applied to a tropical Arenic Hapludult, through the combined effects of increased porosity and decreased penetration resistance”
Claim · model-written summary
Gypsum plus leguminous residues increased soil porosity.
- Treatment
- gypsum plus leguminous residuese1
- Outcome
- porositye1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Comparator
- no residue or gypsum (control, C)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“to increase the yield of maize”
e0“no residue or gypsum (control, C)”
e1“Application of gypsum plus leguminous residues enhanced soil rootability, when applied to a tropical Arenic Hapludult, through the combined effects of increased porosity and decreased penetration resistance”
Claim · model-written summary
Gypsum plus leguminous residues decreased soil penetration resistance.
- Treatment
- gypsum plus leguminous residuese1
- Outcome
- penetration resistancee1
- Direction
- decreasede1
- Comparator
- no residue or gypsum (control, C)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“to increase the yield of maize”
e0“no residue or gypsum (control, C)”
e1“Application of gypsum plus leguminous residues enhanced soil rootability, when applied to a tropical Arenic Hapludult, through the combined effects of increased porosity and decreased penetration resistance”
Claim · model-written summary
Gypsum plus leguminous residues facilitated root growth in deeper soil layers.
- Treatment
- gypsum plus leguminous residuese1
- Outcome
- root growth in deeper soil layerse2
- Direction
- facilitatede2
- Comparator
- no residue or gypsum (control, C)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“to increase the yield of maize”
e0“no residue or gypsum (control, C)”
e1“Application of gypsum plus leguminous residues enhanced soil rootability, when applied to a tropical Arenic Hapludult, through the combined effects of increased porosity and decreased penetration resistance”
e2“These improvements facilitated root growth in deeper soil layers and greater nutrient uptake”
Claim · model-written summary
Gypsum plus leguminous residues gave greater nutrient uptake.
- Treatment
- gypsum plus leguminous residuese1
- Outcome
- nutrient uptakee2
- Direction
- greatere2
- Comparator
- no residue or gypsum (control, C)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“to increase the yield of maize”
e0“no residue or gypsum (control, C)”
e1“Application of gypsum plus leguminous residues enhanced soil rootability, when applied to a tropical Arenic Hapludult, through the combined effects of increased porosity and decreased penetration resistance”
e2“These improvements facilitated root growth in deeper soil layers and greater nutrient uptake”
Claim · model-written summary
Leguminous residues increased calcium input and retention in deeper soil layers.
- Treatment
- leguminous residuese3
- Outcome
- input and retention of calcium in deeper layerse3
- Direction
- increasede3
- Comparator
- no residue or gypsum (control, C)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“to increase the yield of maize”
e0“no residue or gypsum (control, C)”
e3“Application of leguminous residues increased the input and retention of calcium in deeper layers”
Claim · model-written summary
Large amounts of gypsum with leguminous residue significantly increased phosphorus uptake.
- Treatment
- use of large amounts of gypsum with leguminous residuee4
- Outcome
- phosphorus uptakee4
- Direction
- increasee4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“to increase the yield of maize”
e4“The use of large amounts of gypsum with leguminous residue, despite a significant increase in phosphorus uptake, did not result in a proportional increase in maize yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Large amounts of gypsum with leguminous residue did not proportionally increase maize yield.
- Treatment
- use of large amounts of gypsum with leguminous residuee4
- Outcome
- maize yielde4
- Direction
- did not result in a proportional increasee4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“to increase the yield of maize”
e4“The use of large amounts of gypsum with leguminous residue, despite a significant increase in phosphorus uptake, did not result in a proportional increase in maize yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Calcium content differed only slightly between the 12 and 6 t/ha gypsum treatments.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“to increase the yield of maize”
e6“Given the small differences in calcium content between the 6 and 12 t/ha gypsum treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Applying a low dose of gypsum combined with leguminous residue is recommended for tropical sandy loam soils with low cation retention capacities.
- Outcome
- applying a low dose of gypsum combined with leguminous residuee5
- Setting
- tropical sandy loam soils with low cation retention capacitiese5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“to increase the yield of maize”
e5“applying a low dose of gypsum combined with leguminous residue, rather than administering a single large gypsum dose, is recommended for tropical sandy loam soils with low cation retention capacities”
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