Abstract
The Fuller rose beetle, Asynonychus godmani (Crotch) is an important pest of California citrus destined for export to Japan. Vapor heat (VH) treatment conducted in a high temperature forced-air research facility was tested as an effec tive control strategy to destroy Fuller rose beetle (FRB) eggs under the calyx without damaging the fruit. Vapor heat treatment to grapefruit at 48 C resulted in 100% egg mortality at > 15 min and excessive fruit damage. Grapefruit treated with VH at 42 C (1-4 hr) showed a slight increase in mortality of FRB eggs over time with a probit 9 value of 19.6 hr; grapefruit treated 1-4 hr with VH at 44 C achieved probit 9 at 14.3 hr, and those treated 1-4 hr at 46 C gave a probit 9 at 2.84 hr (mixed egg ages). Mortality differed according to age of the eggs. At 46 C, eggs 1-6 days old had a probit 9 of 2.03 hr com pared with 3.35 hr for eggs 7-12 days old. Fruit exposed to VH at 42 or 44 C (1-4 hr) showed minimal loss in quality, but the time to reach probit 9 values for control of FRB eggs was 14.319.6 hr which was excessive. Fruit treated at 46°C for 1-4 hr did not tolerate the heat stress. Attempts to lessen fruit damage by pre-conditioning the fruit by exposing to VH heat at 44 C for 3 hr, then raising the heat to 46C for 1 or 2 hr were unsuccess ful. Most VH-treated fruit had serious peel scald within 2 wk af ter treatment and fruit had unacceptable off-flavors after 5 wk of storage. Fuller rose beetle (FRB), Asynonychus godmani (Crotch), is a preand postharvest pest of citrus in California and Florida (Anonymous, 1986a, 1986b; Carmen, 1986; Haney et al., 1988). The beetle lays eggs beneath the calyx of the fruit (Coats and McCoy, 1990), however, eggs are difficult to de tect by inspection in the field and packinghouse. Therefore, fresh fruit with calyx in place and infested with FRB eggs can readily pass undetected through a packing line and into ship ping cartons destined for export to Japan. The FRB is not present in Japan where authorities have established a quaran tine on fresh fruit shipped from California to prevent its in troduction into their country (Bauer, 1986; Griffiths et al., 1986). About 2% of lemons and 25% of oranges shipped from California to Japan were infested with the eggs of FRB. In Florida, the problem is less serious and currently no grape fruit in Florida is treated to disinfest of FRB. Fumigation is required for all citrus shipments from Cali fornia to avoid rejection at the port of entry. Methyl bromide is the approved fumigant. Alternative methods that failed to control FRB eggs on fresh fruit include cold (Haney et al., 1988; McCoy and Ismail, unpublished data) and chemical dip (Coats, 1989) treatments. Gamma radiation is effective (Coats Florida Agricultural Experiment Station Journal Series No. N-00972. 'U.S. Horticultural Research Laboratory, 2120 Camden Road, Orlando, FL 32803. and Ismail, 1990), but political factors have limited commer cial usage. Hot air treatment at 46°C (58-90% RH) for 1-2 hr controlled Caribbean fruit fly (CFF), Anastrepha suspensa (Loew), and did not damage the market quality of Florida grown grapefruit (Sharp, 1989; McGuire and Reeder, 1992). Vapor heat has been investigated as a quarantine treat ment for grapefruit (Hallman et al., 1990) for security against the CFF and for other pests of papaya (Seo et al., 1994), lychee (Jacobietal., 1993), mango (Heard etal, 1992), zucchi ni (Corcoran et al., 1993), and California round orange, grapefruit, and lemon (Sinclair and Lindgren, 1955). Use of VH for the control of postharvest citrus pests in Florida and Texas was developed around 1929 (Baker, 1952). Hallman et al. (1990) reported that VH applied at 43.5°C for 5 hr was ef fective for the control of CFF in Florida-grown 'Marsh' grape fruit. The tolerance of grapefruit to VH (43.5°C for 5 hr) stress for control of the CFF in 'Marsh' (Miller et al., 1989) and 'Ruby Red' (Miller and McDonald, 1991) was verified. The purpose of this study was to investigate the use of VH to kill FRB eggs beneath the calyx of grapefruit. We deter mined the effects of VH on egg viability, identified the lethal combinations of temperature and VH duration necessary to kill eggs on grapefruit, and assessed the effects on fruit quality of high temperature and exposure duration necessary to kill
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Vapor heat at 48 C gave 100% Fuller rose beetle egg mortality after more than 15 min
- Taxon
- grapefruit
_Pompelino_Grapefruit_002.jpg?width=60)
Citrus ×paradisit0 - Treatment
- Vapor heat treatment to grapefruit at 48 Ce1
- Interactor
- Fuller rose beetlee0pest
- Outcome
- egg mortalitye1
- Value
- 100%e1
- Qualifier
- at > 15 mine1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_Pompelino_Grapefruit_002.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
t0“eggs on grapefruit”
e0“to destroy Fuller rose beetle (FRB) eggs under the calyx without damaging the fruit”
e1“Vapor heat treatment to grapefruit at 48 C resulted in 100% egg mortality at > 15 min and excessive fruit damage”
Claim · model-written summary
Vapor heat at 48 C caused excessive fruit damage on grapefruit
- Taxon
- grapefruitCitrus ×paradisit0
- Treatment
- Vapor heat treatment to grapefruit at 48 Ce1
- Outcome
- fruit damagee1
- Qualifier
- excessivee1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“eggs on grapefruit”
e1“Vapor heat treatment to grapefruit at 48 C resulted in 100% egg mortality at > 15 min and excessive fruit damage”
Claim · model-written summary
Vapor heat at 42 C for 1-4 hr gave a slight increase in FRB egg mortality, with probit 9 at 19.6 hr
- Taxon
- grapefruitCitrus ×paradisit0
- Treatment
- VH at 42 C (1-4 hr)e2
- Interactor
- FRBe2pest
- Outcome
- mortality of FRB eggse2
- Direction
- slight increasee2
- Value
- 19.6 hre2
- Qualifier
- probit 9 value of 19.6 hre2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“eggs on grapefruit”
e2“Grapefruit treated with VH at 42 C (1-4 hr) showed a slight increase in mortality of FRB eggs over time with a probit 9 value of 19.6 hr”
Claim · model-written summary
Vapor heat at 44 C reached probit 9 for FRB eggs at 14.3 hr
- Taxon
- grapefruitCitrus ×paradisit0
- Treatment
- VH at 44 Ce3
- Interactor
- Fuller rose beetlee0pest
- Outcome
- probit 9e3
- Value
- 14.3 hre3
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“eggs on grapefruit”
e0“to destroy Fuller rose beetle (FRB) eggs under the calyx without damaging the fruit”
e3“grapefruit treated 1-4 hr with VH at 44 C achieved probit 9 at 14.3 hr”
Claim · model-written summary
Vapor heat at 46 C reached probit 9 for FRB eggs at 2.84 hr across mixed egg ages
- Taxon
- grapefruitCitrus ×paradisit0
- Treatment
- at 46 Ce4
- Interactor
- Fuller rose beetlee0pest
- Outcome
- probit 9e4
- Value
- 2.84 hre4
- Qualifier
- mixed egg agese4
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“eggs on grapefruit”
e0“to destroy Fuller rose beetle (FRB) eggs under the calyx without damaging the fruit”
e4“those treated 1-4 hr at 46 C gave a probit 9 at 2.84 hr (mixed egg ages)”
Claim · model-written summary
Eggs 1-6 days old reached probit 9 at 2.03 hr at 46 C, versus 3.35 hr for eggs 7-12 days old
- Taxon
- grapefruitCitrus ×paradisit0
- Treatment
- At 46 Ce5
- Interactor
- Fuller rose beetlee0pest
- Outcome
- probit 9e5
- Value
- 2.03 hre5
- Qualifier
- 3.35 hr for eggs 7-12 days olde5
- Comparator
- eggs 7-12 days olde5
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“eggs on grapefruit”
e0“to destroy Fuller rose beetle (FRB) eggs under the calyx without damaging the fruit”
e5“At 46 C, eggs 1-6 days old had a probit 9 of 2.03 hr com pared with 3.35 hr for eggs 7-12 days old”
Claim · model-written summary
Vapor heat at 42 or 44 C for 1-4 hr showed minimal loss in fruit quality
- Taxon
- grapefruitCitrus ×paradisit0
- Treatment
- VH at 42 or 44 Ce6
- Outcome
- loss in qualitye6
- Direction
- minimale6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“eggs on grapefruit”
e6“Fruit exposed to VH at 42 or 44 C (1-4 hr) showed minimal loss in quality”
Claim · model-written summary
Time to reach probit 9 for FRB egg control at 42 or 44 C (14.3-19.6 hr) was excessive
- Taxon
- grapefruitCitrus ×paradisit0
- Treatment
- VH at 42 or 44 Ce6
- Interactor
- FRBe7pest
- Outcome
- time to reach probit 9 valuese7
- Value
- 14.319.6 hre7
- Qualifier
- which was excessivee7
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“eggs on grapefruit”
e6“Fruit exposed to VH at 42 or 44 C (1-4 hr) showed minimal loss in quality”
e7“but the time to reach probit 9 values for control of FRB eggs was 14.319.6 hr which was excessive”
Claim · model-written summary
Fruit treated at 46 C for 1-4 hr did not tolerate the heat stress
- Taxon
- grapefruitCitrus ×paradisit0
- Treatment
- Fruit treated at 46°C for 1-4 hre1
- Outcome
- tolerate the heat stresse1
- Direction
- did not toleratee1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“eggs on grapefruit”
e1“Fruit treated at 46°C for 1-4 hr did not tolerate the heat stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Pre-conditioning at 44 C then 46 C did not lessen fruit damage
- Taxon
- grapefruitCitrus ×paradisit0
- Treatment
- pre-conditioning the fruit by exposing to VH heat at 44 C for 3 hre1
- Outcome
- lessen fruit damagee1
- Direction
- unsuccess fule1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“eggs on grapefruit”
e1“Attempts to lessen fruit damage by pre-conditioning the fruit by exposing to VH heat at 44 C for 3 hr, then raising the heat to 46C for 1 or 2 hr were unsuccess ful”
Claim · model-written summary
Most vapor-heat-treated grapefruit had serious peel scald within 2 weeks
- Taxon
- grapefruitCitrus ×paradisit0
- Treatment
- VH-treated fruite1
- Outcome
- serious peel scalde1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“eggs on grapefruit”
e1“Most VH-treated fruit had serious peel scald within 2 wk after treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Vapor-heat-treated grapefruit had unacceptable off-flavors after 5 weeks of storage
- Taxon
- grapefruitCitrus ×paradisit0
- Outcome
- unacceptable off-flavorse1
- Qualifier
- after 5 wk of storagee1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“eggs on grapefruit”
e1“fruit had unacceptable off-flavors after 5 wk of storage”
The same questions in other papers
heat · quality: general · Citrus x paradisi (grapefruit)Positive and negative results
2 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- no effect
heat · pest · Citrus x paradisi (grapefruit)Results agree
3 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.