Abstract
Sunflower is one of the most important oilseed crops in India and it ranks third after soybean and groundnut as a source of edible oil. It is a versatile crop, which can be grown in any season of year and its oil is rich in polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA). There are various factors responsible for low yield of sunflower; among them, weeds are the major threat resulting in a seed yield loss upto 45 to 55% (Wanjari et al., 2001). Integration of cultural, mechanical and chemical weed control practices in any crop offers better management of all types of weeds. The present investigation was undertaken to find out an efficient weed management programme for irrigated sunflower. A field experiment was conducted during summer and kharif 2006 at Annamalai University Experimental Farm, Annamalainagar. The soil was clay loam with a pH of 7.8 and was low in available N (234.5 kg/ha), medium in available P2O5 (22.5 kg/ha) and high in available K2O (327.5 kg/ha). The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design with 12 treatments (Table 1) with three replications in a plot size of 4 × 3 m. Sunflower hybrid Jaya was sown on third week of March at 60 × 30 cm spacing with 90 kg N, 60 kg P2O5 and 60 kg K2O/ha under irrigated condition. In the unweeded control treatment, the weed flora was allowed to grow without any control measures. In twice hand weeding treatment, two hand weedings were done at 15 DAS and again at 30 DAS by hand pulling of weeds. In herbicide treatments, the herbicides were applied through knapsack sprayer fitted with a flood jet nozzle using 600 litres of water/ha. Fluchloralin 1.5 kg/ha was applied on dry soil and was followed immediately with irrigation to incorporate the herbicide in the soil, a pre-sowing treatment. Alachlor 1.5 kg/ha was sprayed at 3 DAS with adequate soil moisture. Herbicide treatments were followed by one hand weeding on 30 DAS or intercropping by one row of blackgram in between two rows of main crop or mulching with sugarcane trash at 10 cm thickness on 21 DAS. The weed flora in the experimental field consisted of Echinochloa colona (11%), Cyperus rotundus (59%), Cleome viscosa (8.5%), Trianthema portulacastrum (12%), Eclipta alba (4.0%), Phyllanthus niruri (3.0%) and Phyllanthus madraspetensis (2.5%). Results presented in Table 1 clearly show that twice hand weeding at 15 and 30 DAS controlled weeds very effectively and this was similar to fluchloralin 1.5 kg/ha+intercropping. Alachlor was less efficient than fluchloralin. Similar trend of result was observed in weed dry weight and weed control index (WCI). The lowest weed dry weight and the highest WCI were recorded in twice hand weeding and this was on par with fluchloralin 1.5 kg/ha+intercropping. Use of alachlor 1.5 kg/ha with intercropping and mulching was also found to be effective in reducing the dry weight of weeds. Diameter of capitulum, total number of seeds per head and seed yield increased significantly due to efficient weed management through the use of twice hand weeding at 15 and 30 DAS and it was on par with fluchloralin 1.5 kg/ha +intercropping. Lowest diameter of capitulum, total number of seeds per head as well as the seed yield were recorded in unweeded plot due to severe weed infestation. The lowest yield of 839 kg/ha was obtained from unweeded control plot.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
The weed flora was dominated by Cyperus rotundus at 59%.
- Taxon
- Sunflower
Helianthus annuust0 - Interactor
- Cyperus rotundus
Cyperus rotunduse0weed - Outcome
- Cyperus rotunduse0
- Value
- 59%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The weed flora in the experimental field consisted of Echinochloa colona (11%), Cyperus rotundus (59%), Cleome viscosa (8.5%), Trianthema portulacastrum (12%), Eclipta alba (4.0%), Phyllanthus niruri (3.0%) and Phyllanthus madraspetensis (2.5%)”
t0“Sunflower”
Claim · model-written summary
Twice hand weeding controlled weeds effectively, similarly to fluchloralin plus intercropping.
- Taxon
- SunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- twice hand weeding at 15 and 30 DASe0
- Interactor
- weedse0weed
- Outcome
- controlled weedse0
- Direction
- effectivelye0
- Comparator
- fluchloralin 1.5 kg/ha+intercroppinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“twice hand weeding at 15 and 30 DAS controlled weeds very effectively and this was similar to fluchloralin 1.5 kg/ha+intercropping”
t0“Sunflower”
Claim · model-written summary
Alachlor was less efficient than fluchloralin.
- Taxon
- SunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- Alachlore0
- Outcome
- less efficiente0
- Direction
- less efficiente0
- Comparator
- fluchloraline0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Alachlor was less efficient than fluchloralin”
t0“Sunflower”
Claim · model-written summary
Twice hand weeding produced the lowest weed dry weight.
- Taxon
- SunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- twice hand weedinge0
- Interactor
- weede0weed
- Outcome
- weed dry weighte0
- Direction
- loweste0
- Comparator
- fluchloralin 1.5 kg/ha+intercroppinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The lowest weed dry weight and the highest WCI were recorded in twice hand weeding and this was on par with fluchloralin 1.5 kg/ha+intercropping”
t0“Sunflower”
Claim · model-written summary
Twice hand weeding produced the highest weed control index.
- Taxon
- SunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- twice hand weedinge0
- Interactor
- weede0weed
- Outcome
- WCIe0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Comparator
- fluchloralin 1.5 kg/ha+intercroppinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The lowest weed dry weight and the highest WCI were recorded in twice hand weeding and this was on par with fluchloralin 1.5 kg/ha+intercropping”
t0“Sunflower”
Claim · model-written summary
Alachlor with intercropping reduced weed dry weight.
- Taxon
- SunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- alachlor 1.5 kg/ha with intercroppinge0
- Interactor
- weedse0weed
- Outcome
- dry weight of weedse0
- Direction
- reducinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Use of alachlor 1.5 kg/ha with intercropping and mulching was also found to be effective in reducing the dry weight of weeds”
t0“Sunflower”
Claim · model-written summary
Alachlor with mulching reduced weed dry weight.
- Taxon
- SunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- alachlor 1.5 kg/ha with intercropping and mulchinge0
- Interactor
- weedse0weed
- Outcome
- dry weight of weedse0
- Direction
- reducinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Use of alachlor 1.5 kg/ha with intercropping and mulching was also found to be effective in reducing the dry weight of weeds”
t0“Sunflower”
Claim · model-written summary
Twice hand weeding significantly increased capitulum diameter, seeds per head and seed yield, comparable to fluchloralin plus intercropping.
- Taxon
- SunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- twice hand weeding at 15 and 30 DASe0
- Outcome
- Diameter of capitulum, total number of seeds per head and seed yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- fluchloralin 1.5 kg/ha +intercroppinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Diameter of capitulum, total number of seeds per head and seed yield increased significantly due to efficient weed management through the use of twice hand weeding at 15 and 30 DAS and it was on par with fluchloralin 1.5 kg/ha +intercropping”
t0“Sunflower”
Claim · model-written summary
Unweeded plots had the lowest capitulum diameter, seeds per head and seed yield.
- Taxon
- SunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- unweeded plote0
- Interactor
- weede0weed
- Outcome
- diameter of capitulum, total number of seeds per head as well as the seed yielde0
- Direction
- Loweste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Lowest diameter of capitulum, total number of seeds per head as well as the seed yield were recorded in unweeded plot due to severe weed infestation”
t0“Sunflower”
Claim · model-written summary
Unweeded control yield was 839 kg/ha.
- Taxon
- SunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- unweeded control plote0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- loweste0
- Value
- 839 kg/hae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The lowest yield of 839 kg/ha was obtained from unweeded control plot”
t0“Sunflower”
The same questions in other papers
alachlor · weed · Helianthus annuus (common sunflower)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
herbicide · weed · Helianthus annuus (common sunflower)Positive and negative results
41 papers in the same direction as this paper · 3 in the opposite direction
- negative
- negative
- no effect
41 papers more in this group
See all 45 papers →herbicide · yield · Helianthus annuus (common sunflower)Positive and negative results
55 papers in the same direction as this paper · 11 in the opposite direction · 2 reporting no difference from an alternative
- no effect
- negative
- no effect
65 papers more in this group
See all 69 papers →intercropping · weed · Helianthus annuus (common sunflower)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
mulching · weed · Helianthus annuus (common sunflower)Results agree
3 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.