Abstract
Abstract Studies were conducted to determine the biochemical aspects of chloroacetamide injury to maize and the mechanism by which safeners maintain herbicide tolerance, even at reduced temperatures. The objectives of these studies were threefold: one, determine whether glutathione (GSH) content varies in maize plants grown at three different temperatures in safener-treated and non-treated plants; two, determine whether glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity varies in plants grown at different temperatures; and three, determine if GSH activity is sensitive to low temperatures in vitro. The herbicide safeners CGA -154281 [4-(dichloroacetyl)-3,4-dihydro-3-methyl-2 H-1 ,4-benzoxazine] and dichlormid [2,2-dichloro-N,N-di-2-propenylacetamide] were used with metolachlor [2-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-n-(2-methoxy-1-methyl)acetamide] or acetochlor [2-chloro-N-(ethoxymethyl)-N-2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-acetamide], respectively, to determine the mechanisms of maize tolerance. CGA -154281 significantly increased GSH levels in maize seedlings grown at 27 °C compared to non-safened seedlings, however significant differences were not seen at 17 or 37 °C. Dichlormid increased GSH levels by 1.6-fold at all growth temperatures. Both CGA -154281 and dichlormid increased GST activity significantly at all growth temperatures. The safener-induced GST activity was maintained at in vitro incubation temperatures of 5 and 15 °C for acetochlor and metolachlor, respectively. In contrast, GST activity from non-safened tissue was essentially absent at these temperatures. Therefore, greater GST activity following safener treatment may result in higher levels of herbicide metabolism, even at low temperatures.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
CGA -154281 increased GSH levels in maize seedlings grown at 27 °C compared with non-safened seedlings.
- Organ / stage
- seedlingse1
- Treatment
- CGA -154281e0
- Outcome
- GSH levelse1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Qualifier
- grown at 27 °Ce1
- Comparator
- non-safenede1
Zea maysOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Glutathione S-Transferase Activity in Maize”
e0“The herbicide safeners CGA -154281”
e1“increased GSH levels in maize seedlings grown at 27 °C compared to non-safened”
Claim · model-written summary
CGA -154281 did not change GSH levels in maize seedlings at 17 or 37 °C.
- Organ / stage
- seedlingse1
- Treatment
- CGA -154281e0
- Outcome
- GSH levelse1
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede2
- Qualifier
- 17 or 37 °Ce2
- Comparator
- non-safenede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Glutathione S-Transferase Activity in Maize”
e0“The herbicide safeners CGA -154281”
e1“increased GSH levels in maize seedlings grown at 27 °C compared to non-safened”
e2“significant differences were not seen at 17 or 37 °C”
Claim · model-written summary
Dichlormid increased GSH levels by 1.6-fold in maize at all growth temperatures.
- Treatment
- Dichlormide3
- Outcome
- GSH levelse3
- Direction
- increasede3
- Value
- 1.6-folde3
- Qualifier
- at all growth temperaturese3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Glutathione S-Transferase Activity in Maize”
e3“Dichlormid increased GSH levels by 1.6-fold at all growth temperatures”
Claim · model-written summary
CGA -154281 significantly increased GST activity in maize at all growth temperatures.
- Treatment
- CGA -154281e4
- Outcome
- GST activitye4
- Direction
- increasede4
- Qualifier
- at all growth temperaturese4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Glutathione S-Transferase Activity in Maize”
e4“Both CGA -154281 and dichlormid increased GST activity significantly at all growth temperatures”
Claim · model-written summary
Dichlormid significantly increased GST activity in maize at all growth temperatures.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Glutathione S-Transferase Activity in Maize”
e4“Both CGA -154281 and dichlormid increased GST activity significantly at all growth temperatures”
Claim · model-written summary
Safener-induced GST activity in maize was maintained at in vitro incubation temperatures of 5 °C with acetochlor.
- Treatment
- acetochlore6
- Outcome
- GST activitye5
- Direction
- maintainede5
- Qualifier
- in vitro incubation temperatures of 5 and 15 °Ce5
- Comparator
- non-safened tissuee7
- Setting
- in vitroe5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Glutathione S-Transferase Activity in Maize”
e5“The safener-induced GST activity was maintained at in vitro incubation temperatures of 5 and 15 °C”
e6“for acetochlor and metolachlor”
e7“GST activity from non-safened tissue was essentially absent at these temperatures”
Claim · model-written summary
Safener-induced GST activity in maize was maintained at in vitro incubation temperatures of 15 °C with metolachlor.
- Treatment
- metolachlore6
- Outcome
- GST activitye5
- Direction
- maintainede5
- Qualifier
- in vitro incubation temperatures of 5 and 15 °Ce5
- Comparator
- non-safened tissuee7
- Setting
- in vitroe5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Glutathione S-Transferase Activity in Maize”
e5“The safener-induced GST activity was maintained at in vitro incubation temperatures of 5 and 15 °C”
e6“for acetochlor and metolachlor”
e7“GST activity from non-safened tissue was essentially absent at these temperatures”
Claim · model-written summary
GST activity was essentially absent in non-safened maize tissue at these low in vitro temperatures.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Glutathione S-Transferase Activity in Maize”
e7“GST activity from non-safened tissue was essentially absent at these temperatures”
Claim · model-written summary
Greater GST activity after safener treatment may raise herbicide metabolism even at low temperatures.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Glutathione S-Transferase Activity in Maize”
e7“greater GST activity following safener treatment may result in higher levels of herbicide metabolism, even at low temperatures”
The same questions in other papers
metolachlor · molecular: metabolites · Zea mays (maize)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- negative
- no effect
- no effect
1 paper more in this group
See all 5 papers →Dichlormid · molecular: metabolites · Zea mays (maize)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
acetochlor · molecular: metabolites · Zea mays (maize)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.