Abstract
The improvement of soil productivity depends on a rational input of water and nutrients, optimal field management, and the increase of basic soil productivity (BSP). In this study, BSP is defined as the productive capacity of a farmland soil with its own physical and chemical properties for a specific crop season under local field management. Based on 19-yr data of the long-term agronomic experiments (1989–2008) on a fluvo-aquic soil in Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China, the decision support system for agrotechnology transfer (DSSAT ver. 4.0) crop growth model was used to simulate yields by BSP of winter wheat (Triticum aestivium L.) and summer maize (Zea mays L.) to examine the relationship between BSP and soil organic carbon (SOC) under long-term fertilization. Five treatments were included: (1) no fertilization (control), (2) nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers (NPK), (3) NPK plus manure (NPKM), (4) 1.5 times of NPKM (1.5NPKM), and (5) NPK plus straw (NPKS). After 19 yr of treatments, the SOC stock increased 16.7, 44.2, 69.9, and 25.2% under the NPK, NPKM, 1.5NPKM, and NPKS, respectively, compared to the initial value. Among various nutrient factors affecting contribution percentage of BSP to winter wheat and summer maize, SOC was a major affecting factor for BSP in the fluvo-aquic soil. There were significant positive correlations between SOC stock and yields by BSP of winter wheat and summer maize (P<0.01), and yields by BSP of winter wheat and summer maize increased 154 and 132 kg ha−1 when SOC stock increased 1 t C ha−1. Thus, increased SOC accumulation is a crucial way for increasing BSP in fluvo-aquic soil. The manure or straw combined application with chemical fertilizers significantly enhanced BSP compared to the application of chemical fertilizers alone.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
NPK increased SOC stock by 16.7% over its initial value.
- Taxon
- winter wheat
Triticum aestivume1 - Treatment
- NPKe0
- Outcome
- SOC stocke0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 16.7e0
- Comparator
- initial valuee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SOC stock increased 16.7, 44.2, 69.9, and 25.2% under the NPK, NPKM, 1.5NPKM, and NPKS, respectively, compared to the initial value”
e1“winter wheat (Triticum aestivium L.) and summer maize (Zea mays L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
NPKM increased SOC stock by 44.2% over its initial value.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- NPKMe0
- Outcome
- SOC stocke0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 44.2e0
- Comparator
- initial valuee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SOC stock increased 16.7, 44.2, 69.9, and 25.2% under the NPK, NPKM, 1.5NPKM, and NPKS, respectively, compared to the initial value”
e1“winter wheat (Triticum aestivium L.) and summer maize (Zea mays L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
1.5NPKM increased SOC stock by 69.9% over its initial value.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- 1.5NPKMe0
- Outcome
- SOC stocke0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 69.9e0
- Comparator
- initial valuee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SOC stock increased 16.7, 44.2, 69.9, and 25.2% under the NPK, NPKM, 1.5NPKM, and NPKS, respectively, compared to the initial value”
e1“winter wheat (Triticum aestivium L.) and summer maize (Zea mays L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
NPKS increased SOC stock by 25.2% over its initial value.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- NPKSe0
- Outcome
- SOC stocke0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 25.2%e0
- Comparator
- initial valuee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SOC stock increased 16.7, 44.2, 69.9, and 25.2% under the NPK, NPKM, 1.5NPKM, and NPKS, respectively, compared to the initial value”
e1“winter wheat (Triticum aestivium L.) and summer maize (Zea mays L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil organic carbon was a major factor affecting basic soil productivity for winter wheat and summer maize.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Compound
- SOCe0
- Outcome
- BSPe0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SOC was a major affecting factor for BSP in the fluvo-aquic soil”
e1“BSP to winter wheat and summer maize”
Claim · model-written summary
SOC stock correlated positively and significantly with simulated BSP yield of winter wheat.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Compound
- SOC stocke0
- Outcome
- yields by BSPe0
- Direction
- positivee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“significant positive correlations between SOC stock and yields by BSP of winter wheat and summer maize (P<0.01)”
Claim · model-written summary
SOC stock correlated positively and significantly with simulated BSP yield of summer maize.
Zea maysOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“significant positive correlations between SOC stock and yields by BSP of winter wheat and summer maize (P<0.01)”
Claim · model-written summary
Winter wheat BSP yield increased 154 kg ha−1 per 1 t C ha−1 SOC stock increase.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Compound
- SOC stocke0
- Outcome
- yields by BSPe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 154e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“yields by BSP of winter wheat and summer maize increased 154 and 132 kg ha−1 when SOC stock increased 1 t C ha−1”
Claim · model-written summary
Summer maize BSP yield increased 132 kg ha−1 per 1 t C ha−1 SOC stock increase.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“yields by BSP of winter wheat and summer maize increased 154 and 132 kg ha−1 when SOC stock increased 1 t C ha−1”
Claim · model-written summary
Manure with chemical fertilizers significantly enhanced basic soil productivity compared with chemical fertilizers alone.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- manuree0
- Outcome
- BSPe0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Comparator
- application of chemical fertilizers alonee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“manure or straw combined application with chemical fertilizers significantly enhanced BSP compared to the application of chemical fertilizers alone”
e1“BSP to winter wheat and summer maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Straw with chemical fertilizers significantly enhanced basic soil productivity compared with chemical fertilizers alone.
- Treatment
- strawe0
- Outcome
- BSPe0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Comparator
- application of chemical fertilizers alonee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“manure or straw combined application with chemical fertilizers significantly enhanced BSP compared to the application of chemical fertilizers alone”
e1“BSP to winter wheat and summer maize”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors identify increased SOC accumulation as a way to raise soil productivity.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Compound
- SOCe0
- Outcome
- increasing BSPe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increased SOC accumulation is a crucial way for increasing BSP in fluvo-aquic soil”
e1“BSP to winter wheat and summer maize”
The same questions in other papers
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3,114 papers in the same direction as this paper · 284 in the opposite direction · 39 reporting no difference from an alternative
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See all 3,438 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.