Abstract
Copper (Cu) plays a key role in plant physiological and biochemical function but is harmful to plants when in excess. Copper availability is influenced by the mineralogical and chemical properties of soils. High Cu concentration is prominent in soils where vegetables are grown intensively with routine application of fertilizers and pesticides. A factorial pot experiment was carried out to determine Cu critical concentration and toxicity threshold for Brassica rapa as well as its soil phase association in Oxisol, Inceptisol and Histosol. Copper sulphate was applied at rates of 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30 and 60 mg Cu kg -1 soil. The soil Cu critical level in Oxisol, Inceptisol and Histosol was 5.42, 4.67 and 7.79 mg kg -1 , respectively; and threshold toxicity level was 12.69, 13.00 and 21.33 mg kg -1 , respectively. Height of plants decreased by 50% at a rate of 15 mg Cu kg -1 soil for Oxisol and Inceptisol, and at 30 mg kg -1 for Histosol. The SPAD value of plant leaves also decreased as the Cu application rate increased starting at 15 mg kg -1 in Oxisol and 20 mg kg -1 in Inceptisol. The amount of Cu in different soil fractions for both Oxisol and Inceptisol applied with Cu at a rate of 60 mg kg -1 was in the order of organic > residual > Fe/Mn oxides > carbonates > exchangeable > water soluble. This study indicated that at 60 mg Cu kg -1 , Oxisol had a higher ability to retain Cu in the carbonate, Fe/Mn oxides and organic-bound fractions whereas in Inceptisol, the highest Cu amount was in the residual fraction.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Height of Brassica rapa decreased by 50% at 15 mg Cu kg -1 soil in Oxisol and Inceptisol.
- Taxon
- Brassica rapa
Brassica rapae2 - Treatment
- 15 mg Cu kg -1 soile1
- Outcome
- Height of plantse1
- Direction
- decreasede1
- Value
- 50%e1
- Qualifier
- Oxisol and Inceptisole1
- Setting
- factorial pot experimente2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Height of plants decreased by 50% at a rate of 15 mg Cu kg -1 soil for Oxisol and Inceptisol, and at 30 mg kg -1 for Histosol”
e2“A factorial pot experiment was carried out to determine Cu critical concentration and toxicity threshold for Brassica rapa”
Claim · model-written summary
Height of Brassica rapa decreased by 50% at 30 mg kg -1 in Histosol.
- Taxon
- Brassica rapaBrassica rapae2
- Treatment
- 30 mg kg -1e1
- Outcome
- Height of plantse1
- Direction
- decreasede1
- Value
- 50%e1
- Qualifier
- Histosole1
- Setting
- factorial pot experimente2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Height of plants decreased by 50% at a rate of 15 mg Cu kg -1 soil for Oxisol and Inceptisol, and at 30 mg kg -1 for Histosol”
e2“A factorial pot experiment was carried out to determine Cu critical concentration and toxicity threshold for Brassica rapa”
Claim · model-written summary
SPAD value of Brassica rapa leaves decreased as Cu application rate increased, starting at 15 mg kg -1 in Oxisol.
- Taxon
- Brassica rapaBrassica rapae2
- Organ / stage
- leavese1
- Treatment
- Cu application ratee1
- Outcome
- SPAD value of plant leavese1
- Direction
- decreasede1
- Qualifier
- starting at 15 mg kg -1 in Oxisole1
- Setting
- factorial pot experimente2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The SPAD value of plant leaves also decreased as the Cu application rate increased starting at 15 mg kg -1 in Oxisol and 20 mg kg -1 in Inceptisol”
e2“A factorial pot experiment was carried out to determine Cu critical concentration and toxicity threshold for Brassica rapa”
Claim · model-written summary
SPAD value of Brassica rapa leaves decreased as Cu application rate increased, starting at 20 mg kg -1 in Inceptisol.
- Taxon
- Brassica rapaBrassica rapae2
- Organ / stage
- leavese1
- Treatment
- Cu application ratee1
- Outcome
- SPAD value of plant leavese1
- Direction
- decreasede1
- Qualifier
- 20 mg kg -1 in Inceptisole1
- Setting
- factorial pot experimente2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The SPAD value of plant leaves also decreased as the Cu application rate increased starting at 15 mg kg -1 in Oxisol and 20 mg kg -1 in Inceptisol”
e2“A factorial pot experiment was carried out to determine Cu critical concentration and toxicity threshold for Brassica rapa”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil Cu critical level for Brassica rapa was 5.42 mg kg -1 in Oxisol.
- Taxon
- Brassica rapaBrassica rapae2
- Outcome
- soil Cu critical levele1
- Value
- 5.42e1
- Qualifier
- in Oxisole1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The soil Cu critical level in Oxisol, Inceptisol and Histosol was 5.42, 4.67 and 7.79 mg kg -1 , respectively; and threshold toxicity level was 12.69, 13.00 and 21.33 mg kg -1 , respectively”
e2“A factorial pot experiment was carried out to determine Cu critical concentration and toxicity threshold for Brassica rapa”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil Cu critical level for Brassica rapa was 4.67 mg kg -1 in Inceptisol.
- Taxon
- Brassica rapaBrassica rapae2
- Outcome
- soil Cu critical levele1
- Value
- 4.67e1
- Qualifier
- Inceptisole1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The soil Cu critical level in Oxisol, Inceptisol and Histosol was 5.42, 4.67 and 7.79 mg kg -1 , respectively; and threshold toxicity level was 12.69, 13.00 and 21.33 mg kg -1 , respectively”
e2“A factorial pot experiment was carried out to determine Cu critical concentration and toxicity threshold for Brassica rapa”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil Cu critical level for Brassica rapa was 7.79 mg kg -1 in Histosol.
- Taxon
- Brassica rapaBrassica rapae2
- Outcome
- soil Cu critical levele1
- Value
- 7.79e1
- Qualifier
- Histosole1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The soil Cu critical level in Oxisol, Inceptisol and Histosol was 5.42, 4.67 and 7.79 mg kg -1 , respectively; and threshold toxicity level was 12.69, 13.00 and 21.33 mg kg -1 , respectively”
e2“A factorial pot experiment was carried out to determine Cu critical concentration and toxicity threshold for Brassica rapa”
Claim · model-written summary
Threshold toxicity level for Brassica rapa was 12.69 mg kg -1 in Oxisol.
- Taxon
- Brassica rapaBrassica rapae2
- Outcome
- threshold toxicity levele1
- Value
- 12.69e1
- Qualifier
- Oxisole1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The soil Cu critical level in Oxisol, Inceptisol and Histosol was 5.42, 4.67 and 7.79 mg kg -1 , respectively; and threshold toxicity level was 12.69, 13.00 and 21.33 mg kg -1 , respectively”
e2“A factorial pot experiment was carried out to determine Cu critical concentration and toxicity threshold for Brassica rapa”
Claim · model-written summary
Threshold toxicity level for Brassica rapa was 13.00 mg kg -1 in Inceptisol.
- Taxon
- Brassica rapaBrassica rapae2
- Outcome
- threshold toxicity levele1
- Value
- 13.00e1
- Qualifier
- Inceptisole1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The soil Cu critical level in Oxisol, Inceptisol and Histosol was 5.42, 4.67 and 7.79 mg kg -1 , respectively; and threshold toxicity level was 12.69, 13.00 and 21.33 mg kg -1 , respectively”
e2“A factorial pot experiment was carried out to determine Cu critical concentration and toxicity threshold for Brassica rapa”
Claim · model-written summary
Threshold toxicity level for Brassica rapa was 21.33 mg kg -1 in Histosol.
- Taxon
- Brassica rapaBrassica rapae2
- Outcome
- threshold toxicity levele1
- Value
- 21.33e1
- Qualifier
- Histosole1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The soil Cu critical level in Oxisol, Inceptisol and Histosol was 5.42, 4.67 and 7.79 mg kg -1 , respectively; and threshold toxicity level was 12.69, 13.00 and 21.33 mg kg -1 , respectively”
e2“A factorial pot experiment was carried out to determine Cu critical concentration and toxicity threshold for Brassica rapa”
Claim · model-written summary
At 60 mg Cu kg -1 in Oxisol and Inceptisol, Cu amount across soil fractions followed the order organic > residual > Fe/Mn oxides > carbonates > exchangeable > water soluble.
- Taxon
- Brassica rapaBrassica rapae2
- Treatment
- Cu at a rate of 60 mg kg -1e1
- Outcome
- amount of Cu in different soil fractionse1
- Qualifier
- organic > residual > Fe/Mn oxides > carbonates > exchangeable > water solublee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The amount of Cu in different soil fractions for both Oxisol and Inceptisol applied with Cu at a rate of 60 mg kg -1 was in the order of organic > residual > Fe/Mn oxides > carbonates > exchangeable > water soluble”
e2“A factorial pot experiment was carried out to determine Cu critical concentration and toxicity threshold for Brassica rapa”
Claim · model-written summary
At 60 mg Cu kg -1, Oxisol had a higher ability than Inceptisol to retain Cu in the carbonate, Fe/Mn oxides and organic-bound fractions.
- Taxon
- Brassica rapaBrassica rapae2
- Treatment
- 60 mg Cu kg -1e1
- Outcome
- ability to retain Cu in the carbonate, Fe/Mn oxides and organic-bound fractionse1
- Direction
- highere1
- Qualifier
- Oxisole1
- Comparator
- Inceptisole1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“This study indicated that at 60 mg Cu kg -1 , Oxisol had a higher ability to retain Cu in the carbonate, Fe/Mn oxides and organic-bound fractions whereas in Inceptisol, the highest Cu amount was in the residual fraction”
e2“A factorial pot experiment was carried out to determine Cu critical concentration and toxicity threshold for Brassica rapa”
Claim · model-written summary
At 60 mg Cu kg -1 in Inceptisol, the highest Cu amount was in the residual fraction.
- Taxon
- Brassica rapaBrassica rapae2
- Treatment
- 60 mg Cu kg -1e1
- Outcome
- highest Cu amounte1
- Qualifier
- residual fractione1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“This study indicated that at 60 mg Cu kg -1 , Oxisol had a higher ability to retain Cu in the carbonate, Fe/Mn oxides and organic-bound fractions whereas in Inceptisol, the highest Cu amount was in the residual fraction”
e2“A factorial pot experiment was carried out to determine Cu critical concentration and toxicity threshold for Brassica rapa”
The same questions in other papers
copper atom · growth · Brassica rapa (field mustard)Results differ
8 papers in the same direction as this paper · 4 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
9 papers more in this group
See all 13 papers →copper atom · physiology: pigments · Brassica rapa (field mustard)Positive and negative results
2 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.