Abstract
Vera, C. L., Irvine, R. B., Duguid, S. D., Rashid, K. Y., Clarke, F. R. and Slaski, J. J. 2014. Pasmo disease and lodging in flax as affected by pyraclostrobin fungicide, N fertility and year. Can. J. Plant Sci. 94: 119–126. Severe infection of the fungal disease known as pasmo, caused by Septoria linicola (Speg.) Garassini, reduces seed yield of flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) in western Canada. Pasmo may also indirectly affect seed yield by predisposing flax plants, under favorable weather and soil fertility conditions, to lodge. With the objective of studying the possible association of this disease with the occurrence of lodging and their effect on seed yield, a study was conducted at Melfort, Saskatchewan, Canada, during 4 consecutive years (2009, 2010, 2011 and 2012), with two fungicide regimes (application and no application) and five rates of nitrogen (N) fertilization (0, 33, 66, 100 and 133% of recommended). The application of pyraclostrobin fungicide reduced disease severity and increased seed yield of flax in the 3 yr (2010, 2011 and 2012) that pasmo infection was detected, and prevented or reduced the occurrence of lodging in the 2 yr (2010 and 2012) with favorable weather conditions for the occurrence of lodging. Increasing rates of N resulted in increased seed yield in 2009 and 2012, regardless of whether fungicide was used or not. Increasing rates of N also increased the severity of pasmo disease in 2010, 2011 and 2012, and of lodging severity in 2010 and 2012. The increase in disease severity due to N occurred in the absence of fungicide in 2011 and when fungicide was applied in 2012, while in 2010 just the effect of N on the two fungicide treatments combined was significant. Only low levels of disease severity (near 20%) were observed when fungicide was applied in 2011, while extreme disease severity (near 100%) occurred in 2012 at all levels of N when fungicide was not applied. The increase in lodging, as N rates increased, was observed only in the absence of fungicide, in both years. The occurrence of lodging took place late in the development of flax.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Pyraclostrobin fungicide reduced pasmo disease severity in flax.
- Taxon
- flax
Linum usitatissimumt0 - Treatment
- application of pyraclostrobin fungicidee1
- Interactor
- Septoria linicolaSeptoria linicolae0pathogen
- Outcome
- disease severitye1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Comparator
- no applicatione2
- Setting
- Melfort, Saskatchewan, Canadae3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Pasmo disease and lodging in flax”
e0“pasmo, caused by Septoria linicola (Speg.) Garassini”
e1“The application of pyraclostrobin fungicide reduced disease severity and increased seed yield of flax in the 3 yr (2010, 2011 and 2012) that pasmo infection was detected, and prevented or reduced the occurrence of lodging in the 2 yr (2010 and 2012) with favorable weather conditions for the occurrence of lodging”
e2“two fungicide regimes (application and no application)”
e3“conducted at Melfort, Saskatchewan, Canada”
Claim · model-written summary
Pyraclostrobin fungicide increased flax seed yield in the three years with pasmo infection.
- Taxon
- flaxLinum usitatissimumt0
- Treatment
- application of pyraclostrobin fungicidee1
- Outcome
- seed yielde1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Comparator
- no applicatione2
- Setting
- Melfort, Saskatchewan, Canadae3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Pasmo disease and lodging in flax”
e1“The application of pyraclostrobin fungicide reduced disease severity and increased seed yield of flax in the 3 yr (2010, 2011 and 2012) that pasmo infection was detected, and prevented or reduced the occurrence of lodging in the 2 yr (2010 and 2012) with favorable weather conditions for the occurrence of lodging”
e2“two fungicide regimes (application and no application)”
e3“conducted at Melfort, Saskatchewan, Canada”
Claim · model-written summary
Pyraclostrobin fungicide prevented or reduced flax lodging in the two years with favorable weather for lodging.
- Taxon
- flaxLinum usitatissimumt0
- Treatment
- application of pyraclostrobin fungicidee1
- Outcome
- occurrence of lodginge1
- Direction
- prevented or reducede1
- Qualifier
- favorable weather conditionse1
- Comparator
- no applicatione2
- Setting
- Melfort, Saskatchewan, Canadae3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Pasmo disease and lodging in flax”
e1“The application of pyraclostrobin fungicide reduced disease severity and increased seed yield of flax in the 3 yr (2010, 2011 and 2012) that pasmo infection was detected, and prevented or reduced the occurrence of lodging in the 2 yr (2010 and 2012) with favorable weather conditions for the occurrence of lodging”
e2“two fungicide regimes (application and no application)”
e3“conducted at Melfort, Saskatchewan, Canada”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing N rates increased flax seed yield in 2009 and 2012, with or without fungicide.
- Taxon
- flaxLinum usitatissimumt0
- Treatment
- Increasing rates of Ne4
- Outcome
- seed yielde4
- Direction
- increasede4
- Qualifier
- in 2009 and 2012e4
- Setting
- Melfort, Saskatchewan, Canadae3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Pasmo disease and lodging in flax”
e3“conducted at Melfort, Saskatchewan, Canada”
e4“Increasing rates of N resulted in increased seed yield in 2009 and 2012, regardless of whether fungicide was used or not”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing N rates increased pasmo disease severity in flax in 2010, 2011 and 2012.
- Taxon
- flaxLinum usitatissimumt0
- Treatment
- Increasing rates of Ne5
- Outcome
- severity of pasmo diseasee5
- Direction
- increasede5
- Qualifier
- in 2010, 2011 and 2012e5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Pasmo disease and lodging in flax”
e5“Increasing rates of N also increased the severity of pasmo disease in 2010, 2011 and 2012, and of lodging severity in 2010 and 2012”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing N rates increased flax lodging severity in 2010 and 2012.
- Taxon
- flaxLinum usitatissimumt0
- Treatment
- Increasing rates of Ne5
- Outcome
- lodging severitye5
- Direction
- increasede5
- Qualifier
- in 2010 and 2012e5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Pasmo disease and lodging in flax”
e5“Increasing rates of N also increased the severity of pasmo disease in 2010, 2011 and 2012, and of lodging severity in 2010 and 2012”
Claim · model-written summary
In 2010 the effect of N on the two fungicide treatments combined was significant for flax.
- Taxon
- flaxLinum usitatissimumt0
- Treatment
- Ne6
- Outcome
- effect of N on the two fungicide treatments combinede6
- Qualifier
- in 2010e6
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Pasmo disease and lodging in flax”
e6“in 2010 just the effect of N on the two fungicide treatments combined was significant”
Claim · model-written summary
Only low pasmo disease severity (near 20%) was observed in flax in 2011 when fungicide was applied.
- Taxon
- flaxLinum usitatissimumt0
- Treatment
- fungicide was appliede7
- Outcome
- disease severitye7
- Direction
- low levelse7
- Value
- near 20%e7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Pasmo disease and lodging in flax”
e7“Only low levels of disease severity (near 20%) were observed when fungicide was applied in 2011”
Claim · model-written summary
Extreme pasmo disease severity (near 100%) occurred in flax in 2012 at all N levels when fungicide was not applied.
- Taxon
- flaxLinum usitatissimumt0
- Treatment
- fungicide was not appliede1
- Outcome
- disease severitye1
- Direction
- extremee1
- Value
- near 100%e1
- Qualifier
- at all levels of Ne1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Pasmo disease and lodging in flax”
e1“extreme disease severity (near 100%) occurred in 2012 at all levels of N when fungicide was not applied”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing N rates increased flax lodging only in the absence of fungicide, in both years.
- Taxon
- flaxLinum usitatissimumt0
- Treatment
- as N rates increasede2
- Outcome
- lodginge2
- Direction
- increasee2
- Qualifier
- in both yearse2
- Comparator
- the absence of fungicidee2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Pasmo disease and lodging in flax”
e2“The increase in lodging, as N rates increased, was observed only in the absence of fungicide, in both years”
Claim · model-written summary
In flax, lodging occurred late in plant development.
- Taxon
- flaxLinum usitatissimumt0
- Organ / stage
- late in the development of flaxe3
- Outcome
- occurrence of lodginge3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Pasmo disease and lodging in flax”
e3“The occurrence of lodging took place late in the development of flax”
The same questions in other papers
pyraclostrobin · Septoria linicola · Linum usitatissimum (flax)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
pyraclostrobin · yield · Linum usitatissimum (flax)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
fungicide · growth · Linum usitatissimum (flax)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
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fungicide · disease · Linum usitatissimum (flax)Positive and negative results
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1 paper more in this group
See all 5 papers →nitrogen · growth · Linum usitatissimum (flax)Positive and negative results
8 papers in the same direction as this paper · 15 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
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See all 24 papers →fungicide · Septoria linicola · Linum usitatissimum (flax)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
fungicide · yield · Linum usitatissimum (flax)Results agree
5 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
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See all 6 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.