Abstract
Severe damage has been observed in Israeli date palm ( Phoenix dactylifera L.) plantations of the Medjool cultivar as a result of drying and dropping of fruit bunches. Both fractures and rot occurred during peduncle (fruit stalk) development at proximal points located deep within the crown. The phenomenon has been previously described as “cross–cut” or “V-cut.” The present study aimed to characterize the phenomenon and identify the main causal factors. Annual surveys have revealed high levels of fruit bunch drop in all ‘Medjool’ cultivation areas in Israel. Arenipses sabella and other insects were only occasionally detected in the damaged fruit stalks. Similar damage levels observed in insecticide-treated and untreated plots suggested that insects were not directly responsible for this phenomenon. Tissue decay was detected in many of the freshly fallen fruit stalks. The pathogenic fungus, Fusarium proliferatum , was detected in most of the necrotic fruit stalks. Fusarium proliferatum isolates from infected fruit stalks generated necrotic lesions in fruit stalk tissue in vitro. However, fungicide treatments on trees in the orchards were ineffective in reducing bunch drop. On the other hand, restraining the growth rate of the fruit stalk, by reducing irrigation levels (to 20%) during the period of fruit stalk development and growth, significantly reduced bunch drop levels in most of the examined plots. These data suggest that bunch drop in ‘Medjool’ date palm is caused mainly by physiological disorders related to fruit stalk development and growth.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Fusarium proliferatum was detected in most of the necrotic fruit stalks of date palm.
- Taxon
- date palm
Phoenix dactyliferae0 - Organ / stage
- necrotic fruit stalkse1
- Interactor
- Fusarium proliferatumFusarium proliferatume1pathogen
- Outcome
- detectede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Israeli date palm ( Phoenix dactylifera L.) plantations of the Medjool cultivar”
e1“The pathogenic fungus, Fusarium proliferatum , was detected in most of the necrotic fruit stalks”
Claim · model-written summary
Fusarium proliferatum isolates from infected fruit stalks generated necrotic lesions in fruit stalk tissue in vitro.
- Taxon
- date palmPhoenix dactyliferae0
- Organ / stage
- fruit stalk tissuee2
- Interactor
- Fusarium proliferatumFusarium proliferatume2pathogen
- Outcome
- necrotic lesionse2
- Setting
- in vitroe2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Israeli date palm ( Phoenix dactylifera L.) plantations of the Medjool cultivar”
e2“Fusarium proliferatum isolates from infected fruit stalks generated necrotic lesions in fruit stalk tissue in vitro”
Claim · model-written summary
Arenipses sabella and other insects were only occasionally detected in damaged date palm fruit stalks.
- Taxon
- date palmPhoenix dactyliferae0
- Organ / stage
- damaged fruit stalkse3
- Interactor
- Arenipses sabellae3pest
- Outcome
- detectede3
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Israeli date palm ( Phoenix dactylifera L.) plantations of the Medjool cultivar”
e3“Arenipses sabella and other insects were only occasionally detected in the damaged fruit stalks”
Claim · model-written summary
Damage levels were similar in insecticide-treated and untreated date palm plots, so insects were not directly responsible.
- Taxon
- date palmPhoenix dactyliferae0
- Treatment
- insecticide-treatede4
- Outcome
- damage levelse4
- Direction
- Similare4
- Comparator
- untreated plotse4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Israeli date palm ( Phoenix dactylifera L.) plantations of the Medjool cultivar”
e4“Similar damage levels observed in insecticide-treated and untreated plots”
Claim · model-written summary
Tissue decay was detected in many freshly fallen date palm fruit stalks.
- Taxon
- date palmPhoenix dactyliferae0
- Organ / stage
- freshly fallen fruit stalkse5
- Outcome
- Tissue decaye5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Israeli date palm ( Phoenix dactylifera L.) plantations of the Medjool cultivar”
e5“Tissue decay was detected in many of the freshly fallen fruit stalks”
Claim · model-written summary
Fungicide treatments on date palm trees in orchards were ineffective in reducing bunch drop.
- Taxon
- date palmPhoenix dactyliferae0
- Treatment
- fungicide treatmentse6
- Outcome
- bunch drope6
- Direction
- ineffective in reducinge6
- Setting
- in the orchardse6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Israeli date palm ( Phoenix dactylifera L.) plantations of the Medjool cultivar”
e6“However, fungicide treatments on trees in the orchards were ineffective in reducing bunch drop”
Claim · model-written summary
Reducing irrigation to 20% during fruit stalk development significantly reduced bunch drop levels in most plots.
- Taxon
- date palmPhoenix dactyliferae0
- Treatment
- reducing irrigation levels (to 20%)e7
- Outcome
- bunch drop levelse7
- Direction
- significantly reducede7
- Qualifier
- in most of the examined plotse7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Israeli date palm ( Phoenix dactylifera L.) plantations of the Medjool cultivar”
e7“restraining the growth rate of the fruit stalk, by reducing irrigation levels (to 20%) during the period of fruit stalk development and growth, significantly reduced bunch drop levels in most of the examined plots”
Claim · model-written summary
Bunch drop in Medjool date palm is mainly caused by physiological disorders related to fruit stalk development and growth.
- Taxon
- date palmPhoenix dactyliferae0
- Outcome
- bunch drope2
- Qualifier
- physiological disorders related to fruit stalk development and growthe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Israeli date palm ( Phoenix dactylifera L.) plantations of the Medjool cultivar”
e1“is caused mainly by physiological disorders related to fruit stalk development and growth”
e2“These data suggest that bunch drop in”
Claim · model-written summary
Annual surveys revealed high levels of fruit bunch drop in all Medjool cultivation areas in Israel.
- Taxon
- date palmPhoenix dactyliferae0
- Outcome
- fruit bunch drope1
- Direction
- high levelse1
- Setting
- cultivation areas in Israele2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Israeli date palm ( Phoenix dactylifera L.) plantations of the Medjool cultivar”
e1“Annual surveys have revealed high levels of fruit bunch drop”
e2“cultivation areas in Israel”
Claim · model-written summary
Fractures and rot occurred during peduncle development at proximal points deep within the crown of date palm.
- Taxon
- date palmPhoenix dactyliferae0
- Organ / stage
- peduncle (fruit stalk)e1
- Outcome
- fractures and rote1
- Qualifier
- at proximal points located deep within the crowne1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Israeli date palm ( Phoenix dactylifera L.) plantations of the Medjool cultivar”
e1“Both fractures and rot occurred during peduncle (fruit stalk) development at proximal points located deep within the crown”
The same questions in other papers
insecticide · pest · Phoenix dactylifera (date palm)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- no effect
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.