Abstract
SUMMARY Raw yard-trimmings (wood, leaves and grass) were applied to newly planted avocado trees on three different rootstocks at the rate of 0.3 cuM/tree/year in two commercial avocado groves infested with the avocado root rot fungus - Phytophthora cinnamomi. Mulched trees were compared with unmulched trees in randomized, replicated experiments. Mulch increased yield by 13% and canopy volume by 43% in one orchard. In the second orchard mulch initially reduced yields and canopy volume, but by the end of the experiment canopy volume was no different in mulched trees than in unmulched trees. Root growth was greatly stimulated by mulch in both orchards and was increased as much as 184% compared to the unmulched trees. Mulches were found to change the depth of rooting of avocado trees, since most roots in mulched trees were found in the interface between the mulch and the soil. Effects of the mulch were more dramatic on rootstocks less tolerant to avocado root rot. Root infections caused by P. cinnamomi were very low in the mulch and at the mulch/soil interface but significantly higher in the soil, whether it was mulched or not. Populations of P. cinnamomi in the soil were unaffected by mulch applications. Zoospore production by P. cinnamomi at the mulch/soil interface was significantly lower than at depths deeper in the soil. Hyphal lysis of P. cinnamomi was at a maximum at the mulch/soil interface and it was significantly higher than lysis in unmulched soil. Enzymes that lysed the hyphae of P. cinnamomi were found to be abundant in mulches but not at 7.5 and 15 cm below the mulch or in unmulched soil. Two enzymes which were shown to damage hyphae of P. cinnamomi, cellulase and laminarinase, were very abundant in the mulches but were much less abundant in the soil below the mulch and in unmulched soil.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Yard-trimmings mulch increased avocado yield by 13% in one orchard.
- Taxon
- avocado
Persea americanae2 - Treatment
- Mulche1
- Outcome
- yielde1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 13%e1
- Comparator
- unmulched treese3
- Setting
- one orcharde1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Mulch increased yield by 13% and canopy volume by 43% in one orchard”
e2“newly planted avocado trees”
e3“Mulched trees were compared with unmulched trees in randomized, replicated experiments”
Claim · model-written summary
Yard-trimmings mulch increased avocado canopy volume by 43% in one orchard.
- Taxon
- avocadoPersea americanae2
- Treatment
- Mulche1
- Outcome
- canopy volumee1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 43%e1
- Comparator
- unmulched treese3
- Setting
- one orcharde1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Mulch increased yield by 13% and canopy volume by 43% in one orchard”
e2“newly planted avocado trees”
e3“Mulched trees were compared with unmulched trees in randomized, replicated experiments”
Claim · model-written summary
In the second orchard, mulch initially reduced avocado yields and canopy volume.
- Taxon
- avocadoPersea americanae2
- Treatment
- mulche1
- Outcome
- yields and canopy volumee1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Qualifier
- initiallye1
- Comparator
- unmulched treese3
- Setting
- second orcharde1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“In the second orchard mulch initially reduced yields and canopy volume”
e2“newly planted avocado trees”
e3“Mulched trees were compared with unmulched trees in randomized, replicated experiments”
Claim · model-written summary
By the end of the experiment, canopy volume of mulched avocado trees was no different from unmulched trees.
- Taxon
- avocadoPersea americanae2
- Treatment
- mulched treese1
- Outcome
- canopy volumee1
- Direction
- no differente1
- Qualifier
- by the end of the experimente1
- Comparator
- unmulched treese1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“by the end of the experiment canopy volume was no different in mulched trees than in unmulched trees”
e2“newly planted avocado trees”
e3“Mulched trees were compared with unmulched trees in randomized, replicated experiments”
Claim · model-written summary
Mulch greatly stimulated root growth of avocado in both orchards, increasing it by as much as 184% compared with unmulched trees.
- Taxon
- avocadoPersea americanae2
- Treatment
- mulche1
- Outcome
- Root growthe1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 184%e1
- Comparator
- unmulched treese1
- Setting
- both orchardse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Root growth was greatly stimulated by mulch in both orchards and was increased as much as 184% compared to the unmulched trees”
e2“newly planted avocado trees”
Claim · model-written summary
Mulch changed the rooting depth of avocado trees, with most roots in the mulch-soil interface.
- Taxon
- avocadoPersea americanae2
- Treatment
- mulche1
- Outcome
- depth of rootinge1
- Direction
- changee1
- Qualifier
- most roots in mulched trees were found in the interface between the mulch and the soile1
- Comparator
- unmulched treese3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Mulches were found to change the depth of rooting of avocado trees, since most roots in mulched trees were found in the interface between the mulch and the soil”
e2“newly planted avocado trees”
e3“Mulched trees were compared with unmulched trees in randomized, replicated experiments”
Claim · model-written summary
Root infections by P. cinnamomi were very low in the mulch and at the mulch/soil interface compared with the soil.
- Taxon
- avocadoPersea americanae2
- Treatment
- mulche1
- Interactor
- P. cinnamomi
Phytophthora cinnamomie1pathogen - Outcome
- Root infectionse1
- Direction
- very lowe1
- Comparator
- in the soile1
- Setting
- mulch/soil interfacee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Root infections caused by P. cinnamomi were very low in the mulch and at the mulch/soil interface but significantly higher in the soil, whether it was mulched or not”
e2“newly planted avocado trees”
Claim · model-written summary
Root infections by P. cinnamomi were significantly higher in the soil, whether mulched or not.
- Taxon
- avocadoPersea americanae2
- Interactor
- P. cinnamomiPhytophthora cinnamomie1pathogen
- Outcome
- Root infectionse1
- Direction
- highere1
- Qualifier
- whether it was mulched or note1
- Setting
- in the soile1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Root infections caused by P. cinnamomi were very low in the mulch and at the mulch/soil interface but significantly higher in the soil, whether it was mulched or not”
e2“newly planted avocado trees”
Claim · model-written summary
Populations of P. cinnamomi in the soil were unaffected by mulch applications.
- Taxon
- avocadoPersea americanae2
- Treatment
- mulch applicationse1
- Interactor
- P. cinnamomiPhytophthora cinnamomie1pathogen
- Outcome
- Populations of P. cinnamomie1
- Direction
- unaffectede1
- Setting
- in the soile1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Populations of P. cinnamomi in the soil were unaffected by mulch applications”
e2“newly planted avocado trees”
Claim · model-written summary
Zoospore production by P. cinnamomi at the mulch/soil interface was significantly lower than at deeper soil depths.
- Taxon
- avocadoPersea americanae2
- Interactor
- P. cinnamomiPhytophthora cinnamomie1pathogen
- Outcome
- Zoospore production by P. cinnamomie1
- Direction
- lowere1
- Comparator
- at depths deeper in the soile1
- Setting
- mulch/soil interfacee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Zoospore production by P. cinnamomi at the mulch/soil interface was significantly lower than at depths deeper in the soil”
e2“newly planted avocado trees”
Claim · model-written summary
Hyphal lysis of P. cinnamomi was highest at the mulch/soil interface, significantly higher than in unmulched soil.
- Taxon
- avocadoPersea americanae2
- Interactor
- P. cinnamomiPhytophthora cinnamomie1pathogen
- Outcome
- Hyphal lysis of P. cinnamomie1
- Direction
- highere1
- Comparator
- unmulched soile1
- Setting
- mulch/soil interfacee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Hyphal lysis of P. cinnamomi was at a maximum at the mulch/soil interface and it was significantly higher than lysis in unmulched soil”
e2“newly planted avocado trees”
Claim · model-written summary
Hyphae-lysing enzymes were abundant in mulches but not at 7.5 and 15 cm below the mulch or in unmulched soil.
- Taxon
- avocadoPersea americanae2
- Interactor
- P. cinnamomiPhytophthora cinnamomie1pathogen
- Outcome
- Enzymes that lysed the hyphae of P. cinnamomie1
- Qualifier
- abundant in mulches but not at 7.5 and 15 cm below the mulch or in unmulched soile1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Enzymes that lysed the hyphae of P. cinnamomi were found to be abundant in mulches but not at 7.5 and 15 cm below the mulch or in unmulched soil”
e2“newly planted avocado trees”
Claim · model-written summary
Cellulase and laminarinase were very abundant in the mulches, much less abundant in the soil below the mulch and in unmulched soil.
- Taxon
- avocadoPersea americanae2
- Interactor
- P. cinnamomiPhytophthora cinnamomie1pathogen
- Gene
- cellulase and laminarinasee1
- Outcome
- were very abundant in the mulchese1
- Qualifier
- much less abundant in the soil below the mulch and in unmulched soile1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Two enzymes which were shown to damage hyphae of P. cinnamomi, cellulase and laminarinase, were very abundant in the mulches but were much less abundant in the soil below the mulch and in unmulched soil”
e2“newly planted avocado trees”
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See all 7 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.