Abstract
The effects of 25 ppm 3,5,6-TPA (3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridyloxyocetic acid), 30 ppm NAA (naphtylacetic acid), 20 ppm GA 3 and their combination on the size, weight and concentration of organic acids and total phenols in cherry fruit (Prunus avium L. cv. ‘Regina’) were investigated. Treatments with 3,5,6-TPA and NAA were applied 25 days after full bloom and GA 3 during the stage of colour change of the fruit from green to straw yellow. Year, treatment and their interaction had significant effects on fruit size, thickness and weight. Fruit height, the height:width ratio and soluble solids concentration (SSC) were not influenced by year and treatment, though the interaction of these factors significantly affected SSC. In 2009, fruit thickness, height and weight were significantly increased after treatments with GA 3 , NAA and their combination. Treatment with 3,5,6-TPA significantly decreased fruit size and weight compared to the control. SSC remained unaffected by treatment with growth regulators. In 2010, fruit treated with NAA had the largest size and thickness, while the combination of GA 3 and 3,5,6-TPA caused significant decreases of fruit weight, compared to the control. Year was a significant factor only for fumaric acid concentration, but treatment and interaction of year and treatment significantly affected the concentrations of all organic acids, and total phenol concentration. In 2009, fruit treated with a combination of NAA and GA 3 had the highest concentration of malic, citric and shikimic acids, but the lowest concentration of total phenols. GA 3 -treated fruits had significantly higher concentrations of tartaric and fumaric acids. The highest concentration of malic acid in 2010 was detected in fruits treated with a combination of 3,5,6-TPA and GA 3 , but the difference was not significant in comparison to fruits treated only with 3,5,6-TPA. The highest concentration of tartaric acid was detected in fruits treated with NAA, 3,5,6-TPA and a combination of NAA and GA 3 . GA 3 significantly increased the concentration of citric and shikimic acids, while 3,5,6-TPA significantly increased the concentration of fumaric acid. Total phenol concentrations remained unaffected by treatments with the plant growth regulators in 2010, but in 2009, 3,5,6-TPA, GA 3 and their combination increased the concentration of total phenols. Further research is required to develop cultivar-specific strategies for increasing the quality of sweet cherry.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Year, treatment, and their interaction significantly affected fruit size, thickness, and weight.
- Taxon
- sweet cherry
Prunus aviumt0 - Treatment
- treatmente0
- Outcome
- fruit size, thickness and weighte0
Not reportedComparatorDirectionQualifier
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Year, treatment and their interaction had significant effects on fruit size, thickness and weight”
t0“sweet cherry”
Claim · model-written summary
Fruit height and height:width ratio were not influenced by year and treatment.
- Taxon
- sweet cherryPrunus aviumt0
- Treatment
- treatmente0
- Outcome
- Fruit height, the height:width ratioe0
- Direction
- not influencede0
Not reportedComparatorQualifier
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fruit height, the height:width ratio and soluble solids concentration (SSC) were not influenced by year and treatment”
t0“sweet cherry”
Claim · model-written summary
Soluble solids concentration was not influenced by year and treatment.
- Taxon
- sweet cherryPrunus aviumt0
- Treatment
- treatmente0
- Outcome
- soluble solids concentration (SSC)e0
- Direction
- not influencede0
Not reportedComparatorQualifier
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fruit height, the height:width ratio and soluble solids concentration (SSC) were not influenced by year and treatment”
t0“sweet cherry”
Claim · model-written summary
Year by treatment interaction significantly affected soluble solids concentration.
- Taxon
- sweet cherryPrunus aviumt0
- Treatment
- interaction of these factorse0
- Outcome
- SSCe0
Not reportedComparatorDirectionQualifier
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the interaction of these factors significantly affected SSC”
t0“sweet cherry”
Claim · model-written summary
In 2009 GA 3 increased fruit thickness, height, and weight.
- Taxon
- sweet cherryPrunus aviumt0
- Treatment
- GA 3e0
- Outcome
- fruit thickness, height and weighte0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- In 2009e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In 2009, fruit thickness, height and weight were significantly increased after treatments with GA 3 , NAA and their combination”
t0“sweet cherry”
Claim · model-written summary
In 2009 NAA increased fruit thickness, height, and weight.
- Taxon
- sweet cherryPrunus aviumt0
- Treatment
- NAAe0
- Outcome
- fruit thickness, height and weighte0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- In 2009e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In 2009, fruit thickness, height and weight were significantly increased after treatments with GA 3 , NAA and their combination”
t0“sweet cherry”
Claim · model-written summary
In 2009 the GA 3 and NAA combination increased fruit thickness, height, and weight.
- Taxon
- sweet cherryPrunus aviumt0
- Treatment
- their combinatione0
- Outcome
- fruit thickness, height and weighte0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- In 2009e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In 2009, fruit thickness, height and weight were significantly increased after treatments with GA 3 , NAA and their combination”
t0“sweet cherry”
Claim · model-written summary
3,5,6-TPA decreased fruit size and weight versus control.
- Taxon
- sweet cherryPrunus aviumt0
- Treatment
- 3,5,6-TPAe0
- Outcome
- fruit size and weighte0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Not reportedQualifier
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Treatment with 3,5,6-TPA significantly decreased fruit size and weight compared to the control”
t0“sweet cherry”
Claim · model-written summary
Growth regulator treatment left SSC unaffected.
- Taxon
- sweet cherryPrunus aviumt0
- Treatment
- growth regulatorse0
- Outcome
- SSCe0
- Direction
- unaffectede0
Not reportedComparatorQualifier
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SSC remained unaffected by treatment with growth regulators”
t0“sweet cherry”
Claim · model-written summary
In 2010 NAA fruit had the largest size and thickness.
- Taxon
- sweet cherryPrunus aviumt0
- Treatment
- NAAe0
- Outcome
- size and thicknesse0
- Direction
- largeste0
- Qualifier
- In 2010e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In 2010, fruit treated with NAA had the largest size and thickness”
t0“sweet cherry”
Claim · model-written summary
In 2010 GA 3 plus 3,5,6-TPA decreased fruit weight versus control.
- Taxon
- sweet cherryPrunus aviumt0
- Treatment
- the combination of GA 3 and 3,5,6-TPAe0
- Outcome
- fruit weighte0
- Direction
- decreasese0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Not reportedQualifier
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the combination of GA 3 and 3,5,6-TPA caused significant decreases of fruit weight, compared to the control”
t0“sweet cherry”
Claim · model-written summary
Year significantly affected fumaric acid concentration.
- Taxon
- sweet cherryPrunus aviumt0
- Treatment
- Yeare0
- Outcome
- fumaric acid concentratione0
Not reportedComparatorDirectionQualifier
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Year was a significant factor only for fumaric acid concentration”
t0“sweet cherry”
Claim · model-written summary
Treatment and year by treatment interaction significantly affected organic acid and total phenol concentrations.
- Taxon
- sweet cherryPrunus aviumt0
- Treatment
- treatmente0
- Outcome
- concentrations of all organic acids, and total phenol concentratione0
Not reportedComparatorDirectionQualifier
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“treatment and interaction of year and treatment significantly affected the concentrations of all organic acids, and total phenol concentration”
t0“sweet cherry”
Claim · model-written summary
In 2009 NAA plus GA 3 produced the highest malic, citric, and shikimic acid concentrations.
- Taxon
- sweet cherryPrunus aviumt0
- Treatment
- a combination of NAA and GA 3e0
- Outcome
- concentration of malic, citric and shikimic acidse0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Qualifier
- In 2009e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In 2009, fruit treated with a combination of NAA and GA 3 had the highest concentration of malic, citric and shikimic acids”
t0“sweet cherry”
Claim · model-written summary
In 2009 NAA plus GA 3 produced the lowest total phenol concentration.
- Taxon
- sweet cherryPrunus aviumt0
- Outcome
- concentration of total phenolse0
- Direction
- loweste0
Not reportedTreatmentComparatorQualifier
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the lowest concentration of total phenols”
t0“sweet cherry”
Claim · model-written summary
GA 3 increased tartaric and fumaric acid concentrations.
- Taxon
- sweet cherryPrunus aviumt0
- Treatment
- GA 3e0
- Outcome
- concentrations of tartaric and fumaric acidse0
- Direction
- highere0
Not reportedComparatorQualifier
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“GA 3 -treated fruits had significantly higher concentrations of tartaric and fumaric acids”
t0“sweet cherry”
Claim · model-written summary
In 2010 3,5,6-TPA plus GA 3 gave the highest malic acid concentration, without a significant difference from 3,5,6-TPA alone.
- Taxon
- sweet cherryPrunus aviumt0
- Treatment
- a combination of 3,5,6-TPA and GA 3e0
- Outcome
- concentration of malic acide0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Qualifier
- in 2010e0
- Comparator
- 3,5,6-TPAe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest concentration of malic acid in 2010 was detected in fruits treated with a combination of 3,5,6-TPA and GA 3 , but the difference was not significant in comparison to fruits treated only with 3,5,6-TPA”
t0“sweet cherry”
Claim · model-written summary
NAA, 3,5,6-TPA, and NAA plus GA 3 each gave the highest tartaric acid concentration.
- Taxon
- sweet cherryPrunus aviumt0
- Treatment
- NAAe0
- Outcome
- concentration of tartaric acide0
- Direction
- higheste0
Not reportedComparatorQualifier
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest concentration of tartaric acid was detected in fruits treated with NAA, 3,5,6-TPA and a combination of NAA and GA 3”
t0“sweet cherry”
Claim · model-written summary
GA 3 increased citric and shikimic acids.
- Taxon
- sweet cherryPrunus aviumt0
- Treatment
- GA 3e0
- Outcome
- concentration of citric and shikimic acidse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparatorQualifier
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“GA 3 significantly increased the concentration of citric and shikimic acids”
t0“sweet cherry”
Claim · model-written summary
3,5,6-TPA increased fumaric acid concentration.
- Taxon
- sweet cherryPrunus aviumt0
- Treatment
- 3,5,6-TPAe0
- Outcome
- concentration of fumaric acide0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparatorQualifier
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“3,5,6-TPA significantly increased the concentration of fumaric acid”
t0“sweet cherry”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.