Abstract
Table grape production has recently become popular in arid and semiarid regions where conditions of salinity and excess boron (B) can be prevalent. This study addresses B toxicity in grapevine to define toxicity symptoms and evaluate growth, production, and B accumulation. The effect of excess B on grapevines ( Vitis vinifera L. cv. Sugraone) was evaluated in a 4-year study in Israel's Jordan Valley. Vines were grown in 60-L perlite-filled containers and irrigated with complete nutrient solutions with four B concentrations: 0.03, 0.12, 0.21, and 0.31 m m . Vines were monitored for growth, yield, and B accumulation. Boron accumulation in leaves correlated with B toxicity symptoms that materialized as chlorosis and necrosis of leaves beginning at their margins, reduced leaf size, and reduced internodal distance between adjacent leaves. Boron accumulated in grapevine leaves linearly as a function of increased B in irrigation solution with time and with age of leaves. The highest B levels were found at the end of each season and in the oldest leaves. No long-term (multiyear) effect of exposure to B was observed because similar accumulation patterns and levels were found in each year of the experiment. Hence, consistently sampled diagnostic leaves and time of sampling for B analysis is seen to be critical to provide valid comparisons between vines or over time. Boron supply influenced vine growth. At low levels of B (0.03 m m ), canopy development was restricted but trunk size was not. At high levels of B (0.21 and 0.31 m m ), substantial visual symptoms of B toxicity were observed, and the rate of trunk growth was reduced, but pruning biomass was not influenced. Despite severe visual toxicity damage and reduced overall growth rates, commercial fruit yield of the vines remained unaffected by high environmental B levels.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Boron accumulation in leaves correlated with B toxicity symptoms of chlorosis and necrosis of leaves.
- Taxon
- Vitis vinifera
Vitis viniferae1 - Compound
- Borone3
- Outcome
- chlorosis and necrosis of leavese3
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The effect of excess B on grapevines ( Vitis vinifera L. cv. Sugraone) was evaluated in a 4-year study in Israel's Jordan Valley”
e3“Boron accumulation in leaves correlated with B toxicity symptoms that materialized as chlorosis and necrosis of leaves beginning at their margins, reduced leaf size, and reduced internodal distance between adjacent leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
Boron accumulation in leaves correlated with reduced leaf size.
- Taxon
- Vitis viniferaVitis viniferae1
- Compound
- Borone3
- Outcome
- leaf sizee3
- Direction
- reducede3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The effect of excess B on grapevines ( Vitis vinifera L. cv. Sugraone) was evaluated in a 4-year study in Israel's Jordan Valley”
e3“Boron accumulation in leaves correlated with B toxicity symptoms that materialized as chlorosis and necrosis of leaves beginning at their margins, reduced leaf size, and reduced internodal distance between adjacent leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
Boron accumulation in leaves correlated with reduced internodal distance.
- Taxon
- Vitis viniferaVitis viniferae1
- Compound
- Borone3
- Outcome
- internodal distancee3
- Direction
- reducede3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The effect of excess B on grapevines ( Vitis vinifera L. cv. Sugraone) was evaluated in a 4-year study in Israel's Jordan Valley”
e3“Boron accumulation in leaves correlated with B toxicity symptoms that materialized as chlorosis and necrosis of leaves beginning at their margins, reduced leaf size, and reduced internodal distance between adjacent leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
Boron accumulated in grapevine leaves linearly with increased B in irrigation solution, with time and with leaf age.
- Taxon
- Vitis viniferaVitis viniferae1
- Treatment
- increased B in irrigation solutione4
- Outcome
- Boron accumulated in grapevine leavese4
- Direction
- linearlye4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The effect of excess B on grapevines ( Vitis vinifera L. cv. Sugraone) was evaluated in a 4-year study in Israel's Jordan Valley”
e4“Boron accumulated in grapevine leaves linearly as a function of increased B in irrigation solution with time and with age of leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
The highest B levels were found at the end of each season and in the oldest leaves.
- Taxon
- Vitis viniferaVitis viniferae1
- Organ / stage
- oldest leavese5
- Outcome
- B levelse5
- Direction
- higheste5
- Qualifier
- at the end of each seasone5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The effect of excess B on grapevines ( Vitis vinifera L. cv. Sugraone) was evaluated in a 4-year study in Israel's Jordan Valley”
e5“The highest B levels were found at the end of each season and in the oldest leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
No long-term (multiyear) effect of exposure to B was observed.
- Taxon
- Vitis viniferaVitis viniferae1
- Treatment
- exposure to Be6
- Outcome
- long-term (multiyear) effecte6
- Qualifier
- similar accumulation patterns and levels were found in each yeare6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The effect of excess B on grapevines ( Vitis vinifera L. cv. Sugraone) was evaluated in a 4-year study in Israel's Jordan Valley”
e6“No long-term (multiyear) effect of exposure to B was observed because similar accumulation patterns and levels were found in each year of the experiment”
Claim · model-written summary
At low B levels canopy development of grapevine was restricted.
- Taxon
- Vitis viniferaVitis viniferae1
- Treatment
- low levels of Be7
- Outcome
- canopy developmente7
- Direction
- restrictede7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The effect of excess B on grapevines ( Vitis vinifera L. cv. Sugraone) was evaluated in a 4-year study in Israel's Jordan Valley”
e7“At low levels of B (0.03 m m ), canopy development was restricted but trunk size was not”
Claim · model-written summary
At low B levels trunk size of grapevine was not restricted.
- Taxon
- Vitis viniferaVitis viniferae1
- Treatment
- low levels of Be7
- Outcome
- trunk sizee7
- Qualifier
- canopy development was restricted but trunk size was note7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The effect of excess B on grapevines ( Vitis vinifera L. cv. Sugraone) was evaluated in a 4-year study in Israel's Jordan Valley”
e7“At low levels of B (0.03 m m ), canopy development was restricted but trunk size was not”
Claim · model-written summary
At high B levels substantial visual symptoms of B toxicity were observed.
- Taxon
- Vitis viniferaVitis viniferae1
- Treatment
- high levels of Be2
- Outcome
- visual symptoms of B toxicitye2
- Qualifier
- substantiale2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The effect of excess B on grapevines ( Vitis vinifera L. cv. Sugraone) was evaluated in a 4-year study in Israel's Jordan Valley”
e2“At high levels of B (0.21 and 0.31 m m ), substantial visual symptoms of B toxicity were observed, and the rate of trunk growth was reduced, but pruning biomass was not influenced”
Claim · model-written summary
At high B levels the rate of trunk growth of grapevine was reduced.
- Taxon
- Vitis viniferaVitis viniferae1
- Treatment
- high levels of Be2
- Outcome
- rate of trunk growthe2
- Direction
- reducede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The effect of excess B on grapevines ( Vitis vinifera L. cv. Sugraone) was evaluated in a 4-year study in Israel's Jordan Valley”
e2“At high levels of B (0.21 and 0.31 m m ), substantial visual symptoms of B toxicity were observed, and the rate of trunk growth was reduced, but pruning biomass was not influenced”
Claim · model-written summary
At high B levels pruning biomass of grapevine was not influenced.
- Taxon
- Vitis viniferaVitis viniferae1
- Treatment
- high levels of Be2
- Outcome
- pruning biomasse2
- Direction
- not influencede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The effect of excess B on grapevines ( Vitis vinifera L. cv. Sugraone) was evaluated in a 4-year study in Israel's Jordan Valley”
e2“At high levels of B (0.21 and 0.31 m m ), substantial visual symptoms of B toxicity were observed, and the rate of trunk growth was reduced, but pruning biomass was not influenced”
Claim · model-written summary
Commercial fruit yield of grapevine remained unaffected by high environmental B levels.
- Taxon
- Vitis viniferaVitis viniferae1
- Treatment
- high environmental B levelse0
- Outcome
- commercial fruit yielde0
- Direction
- remained unaffectede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The effect of excess B on grapevines ( Vitis vinifera L. cv. Sugraone) was evaluated in a 4-year study in Israel's Jordan Valley”
e0“Despite severe visual toxicity damage and reduced overall growth rates, commercial fruit yield of the vines remained unaffected by high environmental B levels”
Claim · model-written summary
High environmental B levels reduced overall growth rates of grapevine.
- Taxon
- Vitis viniferaVitis viniferae1
- Treatment
- high environmental B levelse0
- Outcome
- overall growth ratese0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The effect of excess B on grapevines ( Vitis vinifera L. cv. Sugraone) was evaluated in a 4-year study in Israel's Jordan Valley”
e0“Despite severe visual toxicity damage and reduced overall growth rates, commercial fruit yield of the vines remained unaffected by high environmental B levels”
The same questions in other papers
boron atom · yield · Vitis vinifera (wine grape)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- positive
climate site · growth · Vitis vinifera (wine grape)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- positive
- no effect
climate site · yield · Vitis vinifera (wine grape)Results agree
3 papers in the same direction as this paper
- no effect
- negative
- negative
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.